Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology

Preface v

Introduction

EXERCISE 1 Anatomical Language 1

EXERCISE 2 Organ Systems and Body Cavities 13

Cell and Tissues

EXERCISE 3 Compound Light Microscope 25

EXERCISE 4 Cell Structure and Cell Cycle 33

EXERCISE 5 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 43

EXERCISE 6 Tissues 53

Integumentary System

EXERCISE 7 The Integumentary System Structure and Function 85

Skeletal System and Joints

EXERCISE 8 Bone Structure and Function 97

EXERCISE 9 Axial Skeleton 107

EXERCISE 10 Appendicular Skeleton 139

EXERCISE 11 Joints and Synovial Joint Movements 161

Muscular System: Skeletal Muscles

EXERCISE 12 Skeletal Muscle Structure 175

EXERCISE 13 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 187

EXERCISE 14 Skeletal Muscles and Their Actions 199

Surface Anatomy

EXERCISE 15 Surface Anatomy 241

Nervous System

EXERCISE 16 Nervous Tissue 263

EXERCISE 17 Spinal Cord Structure and Function 277

EXERCISE 18 Spinal Nerves 287

EXERCISE 19 Somatic Reflexes 299

EXERCISE 20 Brain Structure and Function 309

EXERCISE 21 Cranial Nerves 333

EXERCISE 22 Autonomic Nervous System Structure and Function 343

EXERCISE 23 General Senses 355

EXERCISE 24 Special Senses 369

Endocrine System

EXERCISE 25 Endocrine Structure and Function 401

Cardiovascular System

EXERCISE 26 Blood Components and Blood Tests 421

EXERCISE 27 Heart Structure and Function 441

EXERCISE 28 Cardiac Cycle 461

EXERCISE 29 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 473

EXERCISE 30 Blood Vessel Identification 489

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

EXERCISE 31 Lymphoid System and Immunity 517

Respiratory System

EXERCISE 32 Respiratory System Structure and Function 537

EXERCISE 33 Pulmonary Ventilation 555

Digestive System

EXERCISE 34 Digestive System Structure and Function 571

EXERCISE 35 Mechanical and Chemical Digestion 599

Urinary System

EXERCISE 36 Urinary System Structure and Function 607

EXERCISE 37 Urine Formation and Urinalysis 625

Reproductive Systems

EXERCISE 38 Male Reproductive System Structure and Function 637

EXERCISE 39 Female Reproductive System Structure and Function 653

Human Development and Heredity

EXERCISE 40 Human Development 671

EXERCISE 41 Heredity 685

Answer Key to Activities 699

Appendix A: Word Roots 719

Appendix B: Skeletal Muscle Origins and Insertions 721

Appendix C: Measurements 727

Index 729