Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future

Hemen Sarma is Assistant Professor at Nanda Nath Saikia College in Assam, India. His research focus is on plant- microbiome interactions, biosurfactants, persistent organic and inorganic pollutants, sustainable remediation, molecular breeding, CRISPR/cas9 gene editing and nanobiotechnology. Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad is Emeritus Professor in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Hyderabad in India. He has published over 216 papers in scholarly journals and edited 34 books. He received his doctorate in Botany from Lucknow University, India in 1979. Based on an independent study by Stanford University scientists in 2020, he figured in the top 2% of scientists from India, ranked number 1 in Environmental Sciences (116 in world).

List of Contributors xii

Preface xvii

1 Introduction to Biosurfactants 1
José Vázquez Tato, Julio A. Seijas, M. Pilar Vázquez-Tato, Francisco Meijide,Santiago de Frutos, Aida Jover, Francisco Fraga, and Victor H. Soto

1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1

1.2 Micelle Formation 5

1.3 Average Aggregation Numbers 14

1.4 Packing Properties of Amphiphiles 18

1.5 Biosurfactants 20

1.6 Sophorolipids 25

1.7 Surfactin 28

1.8 Final Comments 31

Acknowledgement 32

References 32

2 Metagenomics Approach for Selection of Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria from Oil Contaminated Soil: An Insight Into Its Technology 43
Nazim F. Islam and Hemen Sarma

2.1 Introduction 43

2.2 Metagenomics Application: A State-of-the-Art Technique 44

2.3 Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria and Genes 46

2.4 Metagenomic Approaches in the Selection of Biosurfactant-Producing Microbes 47

2.5 Metagenomics with Stable Isotope Probe (SIP) Techniques 48

2.6 Screening Methods to Identify Features of Biosurfactants 50

2.7 Functional Metagenomics: Challenge and Opportunities 52

2.8 Conclusion 53

Acknowledgements 54

References 54

3 Biosurfactant Production Using Bioreactors from Industrial Byproducts 59
Arun Karnwal

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Significance of the Production of Biosurfactants from Industrial Products 60

3.3 Factors Affect Biosurfactant Production in Bioreactor 61

3.4 Microorganisms 61

3.5 Bacterial Growth Conditions 63

3.6 Substrate for Biosurfactant Production 65

3.7 Conclusions 71

Acknowledgement 71

References 72

4 Biosurfactants for Heavy Metal Remediation and Bioeconomics 79
Shalini Srivastava, Monoj Kumar Mondal, and Shashi Bhushan Agrawal

4.1 Introduction 80

4.2 Concept of Surfactant and Biosurfactant for Heavy Metal Remediation 81

4.3 Mechanisms of Biosurfactant–Metal Interactions 82

4.4 Substrates Used for Biosurfactant Production 82

4.5 Classification of Biosurfactants 85

4.6 Types of Biosurfactants 85

4.7 Factors Influencing Biosurfactants Production 88

4.8 Strategies for Commercial Biosurfactant Production 89

4.9 Application of Biosurfactant for Heavy Metal Remediation 90

4.10 Bioeconomics of Metal Remediation Using Biosurfactants 93

4.11 Conclusion 94

References 94

5 Application of Biosurfactants for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) 99
Jéssica Correia, Lígia R. Rodrigues, José A. Teixeira, and Eduardo J. Gudiña

5.1 Energy Demand and Fossil Fuels 99

5.2 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) 101

5.3 Mechanisms of Surfactant Flooding 102

5.4 Biosurfactants: An Alternative to Chemical Surfactants to Increase Oil Recovery 103

5.5 Biosurfactant MEOR: Laboratory Studies 104

5.6 Field Assays 112

5.7 Current State of Knowledge, Technological Advances, and Future Perspectives 113

Acknowledgements 114

References 114

6 Biosurfactant Enhanced Sustainable Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil 119
Pooja Singh, Selvan Ravindran, and Yogesh Patil

6.1 Introduction 119

6.2 Microbial-Assisted Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil 121

6.3 Hydrocarbon Degradation and Biosurfactants 122

6.4 Soil Washing Using Biosurfactants 124

6.5 Combination Strategies for Efficient Bioremediation 126

6.6 Biosurfactant Mediated Field Trials 129

6.7 Limitations, Strategies, and Considerations of Biosurfactant-Mediated

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 130

6.8 Conclusion 132

References 133

7 Microbial Surfactants are Next-Generation Biomolecules for Sustainable Remediation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 139
Punniyakotti Parthipan, Liang Cheng, Aruliah Rajasekar, and Subramania Angaiah

7.1 Introduction 139

7.2 Biosurfactant-Enhanced Bioremediation of PAHs 144

7.3 Microorganism’s Adaptations to Enhance Bioavailability 151

7.4 Influences of Micellization on Hydrocarbons Access 151

7.5 Accession of PAHs in Soil Texture 152

7.6 The Negative Impact of Surfactant on PAH Degradations 152

7.7 Conclusion and Future Directions 153

References 153

8 Biosurfactants for Enhanced Bioavailability of Micronutrients in Soil: A Sustainable Approach 159
Siddhartha Narayan Borah, Suparna Sen, and Kannan Pakshirajan

8.1 Introduction 159

8.2 Micronutrient Deficiency in Soil 161

8.3 Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Micronutrients 161

8.4 Effect of Micronutrient Deficiency on the Biota 163

8.5 The Role of Surfactants in the Facilitation of Micronutrient Biosorption 166

8.6 Surfactants 166

8.7 Conclusion 173

References 174

9 Biosurfactants: Production and Role in Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications 183
Ashwini N. Rane, S.J. Geetha, and Sanket J. Joshi

9.1 Nanoparticles 183

9.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 184

9.3 Biosurfactants 187

9.4 Biosurfactant Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis 191

9.5 Challenges in Environmental Applications of Nanoparticles and Future Perspectives 196

Acknowledgements 197

References 197

10 Green Surfactants: Production, Properties, and Application in Advanced Medical Technologies 207
Ana María Marqués, Lourdes Pérez, Maribel Farfán, and Aurora Pinazo

10.1 Environmental Pollution and World Health 207

10.2 Amino Acid-Derived Surfactants 208

10.3 Biosurfactants 213

10.4 Antimicrobial Resistance 219

10.5 Catanionic Vesicles 223

10.6 Biosurfactant Functionalization: A Strategy to Develop Active Antimicrobial Compounds 234

10.7 Conclusions 235

References 235

11 Antiviral, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Properties of Biosurfactants: Sustainable Use in Food and Pharmaceuticals 245
Kenia Barrantes, Juan José Araya, Luz Chacón, Rolando Procupez-Schtirbu, Fernanda Lugo, Gabriel Ibarra, and Víctor H. Soto

11.1 Introduction 245

11.2 Antimicrobial Properties 246

11.3 Biofilms 252

11.4 Antiviral Properties 255

11.5 Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Biosurfactants 256

11.6 Biosurfactants in the Food Industry: Quality of the Food 258

11.7 Conclusions 260

Acknowledgements 261

References 261

12 Biosurfactant-Based Antibiofilm Nano Materials 269
Sonam Gupta

12.1 Introduction 269

12.2 Emerging Biofilm Infections 270

12.3 Challenges and Recent Advancement in Antibiofilm Agent Development 272

12.4 Impact of Extracellular Matrix and Their Virulence Attributes 273

12.5 Role of Indwelling Devices in Emerging Drug Resistance 274

12.6 Role of Physiological Factors (Growth Rate, Biofilm Age, Starvation) 274

12.7 Impact of Efflux Pump in Antibiotic Resistance Development 275

12.8 Nanotechnology-Based Approaches to Combat Biofilm 276

12.9 Biosurfactants: A Promising Candidate to Synthesize Nanomedicines 277

12.10 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 278

12.11 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDs) 282

12.12 Biosurfactant-Based Antibiofilm Nanomaterials 283

12.13 Conclusions and Future Prospects 283

Acknowledgement 285

References 285

13 Biosurfactants from Bacteria and Fungi: Perspectives on Advanced Biomedical Applications 293
Rashmi Rekha Saikia, Suresh Deka, and Hemen Sarma

13.1 Introduction 293

13.2 Biomedical Applications of Biosurfactants: Recent Developments 295

13.3 Conclusion 307

Acknowledgements 307

References 307

14 Biosurfactant-Inspired Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 317
Amy R. Nava

14.1 Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and Multidrug Resistance 317

14.2 Biosurfactant Types Commonly Utilized Against S. aureus and Other Pathogens 318

14.3 Properties of Efficient Biosurfactants Against MRSA and Bacterial Pathogens 319

14.4 Uses for Biosurfactants 320

14.5 Biosurfactants Illustrating Antiadhesive Properties against MRSA Biofilms 320

14.6 Biosurfactants with Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Properties 322

14.7 Media, Microbial Source, and Culture Conditions for Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Properties 323

14.8 Novel Synergistic Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Strategies Against MRSA and S. aureus 326

14.9 Novel Potential Mechanisms of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties 328

14.10 Conclusion 330

References 332

15 Exploiting the Significance of Biosurfactant for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Infections 339
Sonam Gupta and Vikas Pruthi

15.1 Introduction 339

15.2 Microbial Pathogenesis and Biosurfactants 340

15.3 Bio-Removal of Antibiotics Using Probiotics and Biosurfactants Bacteria 342

15.4 Antiproliferative, Antioxidant, and Antibiofilm Potential of Biosurfactant 343

15.5 Wound Healing Potential of Biosurfactants 344

15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 345

References 346

16 Biosurfactants Against Drug-Resistant Human and Plant Pathogens: Recent Advances 353
Chandana Malakar and Suresh Deka

16.1 Introduction 353

16.2 Environmental Impact of Antibiotics 354

16.3 Pathogenicity of Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes on Human and Plant Health 356

16.4 Role of Biosurfactants in Combating Antibiotic Resistance: Challenges and Prospects 360

16.5 Conclusion 364

Acknowledgements 365

References 365

17 Surfactant- and Biosurfactant-Based Therapeutics: Structure, Properties, and Recent Developments in Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications 373
Anand K. Kondapi

17.1 Introduction 374

17.2 Determinants and Forms of Surfactants 374

17.3 Structural Forms of Surfactants 377

17.4 Drug Delivery Systems 381

17.5 Different Types of Biosurfactants Used for Drug Delivery 384

17.6 Conclusions 391

References 392

18 The Potential Use of Biosurfactants in Cosmetics and Dermatological Products: Current Trends and Future Prospects 397
Zarith Asyikin Abdul Aziz, Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar, Asma Khatoon, and Akil Ahmad

18.1 Introduction 397

18.2 Properties of Biosurfactants 399

18.3 Biosurfactant Classifications and Potential Use in Cosmetic Applications 401

18.4 Dermatological Approach of Biosurfactants 406

18.5 Cosmetic Formulation with Biosurfactant 409

18.6 Safety Measurement Taken for Biosurfactant Applications in Dermatology and Cosmetics 412

18.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 415

Acknowledgement 415

References 415

19 Cosmeceutical Applications of Biosurfactants: Challenges and Prospects 423
Káren Gercyane Oliveira Bezerra and Leonie Asfora Sarubbo

19.1 Introduction 423

19.2 Cosmeceutical Properties of Biosurfactants 424

19.3 Other Activities 429

19.4 Application Prospects 432

19.5 Biosurfactants in the Market 433

19.6 Challenges and Conclusion 434

References 436

20 Biotechnologically Derived Bioactive Molecules for Skin and Hair-Care Application 443
Suparna Sen, Siddhartha Narayan Borah, and Suresh Deka

20.1 Introduction 443

20.2 Surfactants in Cosmetic Formulation 445

20.3 Biosurfactants in Cosmetic Formulations 445

20.4 Conclusion 457

References 457

21 Biosurfactants as Biocontrol Agents Against Mycotoxigenic Fungi 465
Ana I. Rodrigues, Eduardo J. Gudiña, José A. Teixeira, and Lígia R. Rodrigues

21.1 Mycotoxins 465

21.2 Aflatoxins 466

21.3 Deoxynivalenol 467

21.4 Fumonisins 468

21.5 Ochratoxin A 468

21.6 Patulin 470

21.7 Zearalenone 470

21.8 Prevention and Control of Mycotoxins 471

21.9 Biosurfactants 472

21.10 Glycolipids 473

21.11 Lipopeptides 474

21.12 Antifungal Activity of Glycolipid Biosurfactants 474

21.13 Antifungal and Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Lipopeptide Biosurfactants 475

21.14 Opportunities and Perspectives 482

Acknowledgements 483

References 483

22 Biosurfactant-Mediated Biocontrol of Pathogenic Microbes of Crop Plants 491
Madhurankhi Goswami and Suresh Deka

22.1 Introduction 491

22.2 Biosurfactant: Properties and Types 492

22.3 Biosurfactant in Agrochemical Formulations for Sustainable Agriculture 502

22.4 Biosurfactants for a Greener and Safer Environment 503

22.5 Conclusion 503

References 504

Index 510