Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media

Solvent use and properties; environmental issues, clean synthesis and safety issues and alternative solvents; the biphasic methodology; relevance and context in organic synthesis and industrial catalysis; problems associated with different techniques; water; general properties of water; synthesis in water; aqueous-organic biphasic catalysis; problems associated with water; ionic liquids; general properties of water; chemistry in chloraluminates; other ionic liquids; biphase catalysts; fluorous solvents; general properties of fluorous solvents; chemistry in fluorous solvents; the fluorous biphase system; phase-transfer catalysis; general properties of phase transfer reactions; liquid-liquid phase transfer; solid-liquid phase transfer; supercritical fluids; general properties of supercritical fluids; reactor design; synthesis in supercritical fluids; catalysis in supercritical fluids; dry/solvent free reactions; general properties of dry media; microwave activation in the solid state; sonocation of solids; comparisons and conclusions.