Microbial Bioremediation & Biodegradation (eBook)
IX, 550 Seiten
Springer Singapore (Verlag)
978-981-15-1812-6 (ISBN)
Microbial or biological degradation has long been the subject of active concern, and the rapid expansion and growing sophistication of various industries in the last century has significantly increased the volume and complexity of toxic residues of wastes. These can be remediated by plants and microbes, either natural origin or adapted for a specific purpose, in a process known as bioremediation. The interest in microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years in an attempt to find sustainable ways to clean contaminated environments. These bioremediation and biotransformation methods take advantage of the tremendous microbial catabolic diversity to degrade, transform or accumulate a variety of compounds, such as hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polaromatic hydrocarbons pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals. Unlike conventional methods, bioremediation does not physically disturb the site. This book describes the basic principles of biodegradation and shows how these principles are related to bioremediation. Authored by leading, international environmental microbiologists, it discusses topics such as aerobic biodegradation, microbial degradation of pollutants, and microbial community dynamics. It provides valuable insights into how biodegration processes work and can be utilised for pollution abatement, and as such appeals to researchers and postgraduate students as well as experts in the field of bioremediation.
Maulin P. Shah (Mr.), currently Chief Scientist & Head - Industrial Waste Water Research Lab, Division of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India, received his Ph.D. (2002-2005) in Environmental Microbiology from Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat. He has served as an Assistant Professor at Godhra, Gujarat University in 2001. He is a Microbial Biotechnologist with diverse research interest. A group of research scholars is working under his guidance on the areas ranging from Applied Microbiology, Environmental Biotechnology, Bioremediation, and Industrial Liquid Waste Management to solid state fermentation. His primary interest is the environment, the quality of our living resources and the ways that bacteria can help to manage and degrade toxic wastes and restore environmental health. Consequently, He is very interested in genetic adaptation processes in bacteria, the mechanisms by which they deal with toxic substances, how they react to pollution in general and how we can apply microbial processes in a useful way (like bacterial bio reporters). One of our major interests is to study how bacteria evolve and adapt to use organic pollutants as novel growth substrates. Bacteria with new degradation capabilities are often selected in polluted environments and have accumulated small (mutations) and large genetic changes (transpositions, recombination, and horizontally transferred elements). His work has been focused to assess the impact of industrial pollution on microbial diversity of wastewater following cultivation dependent and cultivation independent analysis. His major work involves isolation, screening, identification and Genetic Engineering of high impact of Microbes for the degradation of hazardous materials. He has more than 200 research publication in highly reputed national and international journals. He directs the Research program at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar. He has guided more than 100 Post Graduate students in various disciplines of Life Science. He is an active Editorial Board Member in more than 150 highly reputed Journal's in the field of Environmental & Biological Sciences. He was Founder Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Biodegradation (2012-2014) as well as Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology (2012-2014) (Science and Education Publishing, USA). He is also serving as a reviewer in various journals of national and international repute. Recently, he has been awarded as a Young Biotechnologist Medal by Biotechnological Society of Nepal'. He was Associate Editor in Microbiome (Bio Med Cent), BMC Microbiology (Springer Nature), Currently he is an Advisory Board in CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water (Wiley), Editor in Current Pollution Reports (Springer Nature), Editor in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology (Springer Nature), Editor in Environmental Technology & Innovation-ELSEVIER, Editor in Current Microbiology-Springer Nature, Editor in Journal of Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment-Taylor & Francis, Editor in Ecotoxicology (Microbial Ecotoxicology)- Springer Nature, Associate Editor in Geo Microbiology (Springer Nature). He is editor-in-Chief in three reputed journals. He has edited 15 books in the area of Waste Water Microbiology.
Microbial or biological degradation has long been the subject of active concern, and the rapid expansion and growing sophistication of various industries in the last century has significantly increased the volume and complexity of toxic residues of wastes. These can be remediated by plants and microbes, either natural origin or adapted for a specific purpose, in a process known as bioremediation. The interest in microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years in an attempt to find sustainable ways to clean contaminated environments. These bioremediation and biotransformation methods take advantage of the tremendous microbial catabolic diversity to degrade, transform or accumulate a variety of compounds, such as hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polaromatic hydrocarbons pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals. Unlike conventional methods, bioremediation does not physically disturb the site. This book describes the basic principles of biodegradation and shows how these principles are related to bioremediation. Authored by leading, international environmental microbiologists, it discusses topics such as aerobic biodegradation, microbial degradation of pollutants, and microbial community dynamics. It provides valuable insights into how biodegration processes work and can be utilised for pollution abatement, and as such appeals to researchers and postgraduate students as well as experts in the field of bioremediation.
Preface 5
Contents 6
About the Editor 8
1: Bioremediation Approaches for Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater: Recent Advances and Challenges 9
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater Generation and its Characteristics 12
1.3 Distribution and Structural Components of Lignin 16
1.4 Environmental Fate of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater 18
1.5 Biological Treatment Methods of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater 21
1.5.1 Aerobic Treatment Process 22
1.5.1.1 Bioaugmentation/Biostimulation Process for Efficient Treatment of Pulp Paper Effluent 23
Bacterial Bioaugmentation/Biostimulation 23
Fungal Bioaugmentation/Biostimulation 29
Algal Treatment (Phycoremediation) 32
1.5.2 Anaerobic Treatment 33
1.6 Ligninolytic Enzymes in Degradation and Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater 34
1.7 Emerging Approaches for Pulp and Paper Industry Waste Treatment 38
1.7.1 Phytoremediation Approaches 38
1.7.2 Vermiremediation 41
1.8 Two-Stage Sequential/Phase Separation/Sequential/Combined Approaches for Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater Treatment 42
1.9 Challenges and Future Prospects 43
1.10 Conclusion 44
References 45
2: Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals 57
2.1 Introduction 58
2.2 Heavy Metals 59
2.3 Environmental Impact 60
2.3.1 Effect of Heavy Metal Contamination 62
2.4 Human Health Hazards 63
2.4.1 Acceptance Limits of Various Heavy Metals 66
2.4.2 Indian Rivers Polluted with Heavy Metals 66
2.4.3 Indian Scenario 67
2.4.3.1 Delhi 67
2.4.3.2 Bangalore (Karnataka) 67
2.4.3.3 Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu 67
2.4.3.4 Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) 68
2.4.3.5 Malwa Region (Punjab) 68
2.5 Remediation Techniques of Heavy Metal Degradation and Removal from Contaminated Sites 68
2.6 Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 70
2.6.1 Mechanisms of Microbial Heavy Metal Bioremediation 71
2.6.2 Factors that Affect Microbial Heavy Metal Degradation Capacity 72
2.7 Advancements in Microbial Technologies for Promising Heavy Metal Removal from the Environment 72
2.8 Challenges 75
2.9 Control Measures 75
References 75
3: Dyes: Effect on the Environment and Biosphere and Their Remediation Constraints 81
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Effect of Dyes on the Environment and Biosphere 83
3.3 Technologies for Dye Removal 84
3.3.1 Physicochemical Technologies 86
3.3.1.1 Limitations of Physicochemical Technologies 87
3.3.2 Biological Technology 89
3.3.2.1 Bioremediation Is Still an Empirical Science! 90
3.4 Evolved Integrated Technologies 93
3.5 Perspective 96
3.6 Conclusion 97
References 97
4: Microbial Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons, Heavy Metals, and Radioactive Wastes in Solids and Wastewaters 103
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Heavy Metals 105
4.2.1 Introduction 105
4.2.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 106
4.2.3 Bioremediation: Heavy Metal Removal 107
4.2.3.1 Biotransformation 108
4.2.3.2 Biosorption 109
4.2.3.3 Bioaccumulation 109
4.2.3.4 Bioleaching 110
4.3 Radioactive Wastes 111
4.3.1 Introduction 111
4.3.2 Microorganisms and Treatment of Radioactive Wastes 111
4.4 Hydrocarbon Wastes 113
4.4.1 Introduction 113
4.4.2 Bioremediation: Hydrocarbon Waste 113
4.4.2.1 Alkanes: Bioremediation and Biodegradation 114
4.4.2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Bioremediation and Biodegradation 114
4.4.2.3 Phenols: Bioremediation and Biodegradation 115
4.4.2.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Bioremediation and Biodegradation 115
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 116
References 117
5: Advancement of Omics: Prospects for Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils 121
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Traditional Technologies for Soil Remediation 123
5.2.1 Physical Remediation 123
5.2.2 Chemical Remediation 123
5.2.3 Biological Remediation 125
5.3 Traditional Tools of Omics 125
5.4 Advanced Omic Tools 133
5.5 Application of Omic Tools in Bioremediation 135
5.6 Future Prospects 141
References 142
6: Microbial Biotransformation of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] in Tannery Wastewater 151
6.1 Introduction 152
6.2 Toxicity of Cr(VI) to the Environment and its Mechanism in Microbial Cell 153
6.3 Bioremediation of Cr(VI) 153
6.3.1 Biosorption of Chromium by Microorganisms 154
6.3.1.1 Biosorption Mechanisms 154
6.3.2 Bioaccumulation of Chromium 155
6.4 Microbial Mechanism of Cr(VI) Reduction to Cr(III) 155
6.4.1 Reduction of Cr(VI) by Microbes Under Aerobic Condition 155
6.4.2 Reduction of Cr(VI) by Microbes Under Anaerobic Condition 155
6.4.3 Enzyme-Mediated Cr(VI) Reduction 156
6.4.3.1 Extracellular Cr(VI) Reduction 156
6.4.3.2 Intracellular Cr(VI) Reduction 156
6.5 Role of Microbial Consortium in Cr(VI) Remediation from the Tannery Effluent 157
References 158
7: Bioremediation: A Low-Cost and Clean-Green Technology for Environmental Management 161
7.1 Introduction 162
7.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals 162
7.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 162
7.2.2 Importance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Environments Contaminated with Heavy Metals 163
7.2.3 Glomalins 163
7.2.4 Mycorrhizae and their Role in Decreasing Heavy Metals 164
7.3 Microbial Biotechnology and its Application in the Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils 165
7.3.1 Microbial Biotechnology and Pollution 165
7.3.2 Microorganisms Present in Contaminated Soils 167
7.3.3 Use and Application of Microorganisms in Soil Bioremediation 169
7.3.4 Metagenomic Approaches Applied to Soil Bioremediation 170
7.3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 171
7.4 Phytoremediation 171
7.4.1 Definition and Scope of Phytoremediation 172
7.4.1.1 Mercury 172
7.4.1.2 Arsenic 172
7.4.1.3 Lead 172
7.4.1.4 Chromium 172
7.4.1.5 Hydrocarbons 172
7.4.2 Removal of Enterobacteria 173
7.4.3 Types of Plants According to their Phytoremediation Capacity 173
7.4.3.1 Species Used in Phytoremediation 173
7.4.4 Characteristics of a Phytoremediator Species 174
7.4.5 Parameters to Determine the Phytoremediation Aptitude of a Plant 174
7.4.6 Mechanisms for Elimination of Pollutants by the Plant (Table 7.3) 175
7.4.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Phytoremediation 176
References 176
8: Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Wastewater 180
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 PPCPs 182
8.2.1 Exposure Route of PPCPs in the Environment 183
8.2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs 183
8.2.2.1 Occurrence of PPCPs in Wastewaters 185
8.2.2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Surface Waters 185
8.2.2.3 Occurrence of PPCPs in Groundwater 187
8.2.2.4 Occurrence of PPCPs in Other Sources 187
8.2.3 Removal in Physicochemical and Biological Systems 188
8.2.3.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes 188
8.2.3.2 Membrane Separation Processes 188
8.2.3.3 Biological Processes 188
8.2.4 Effects of PPCPs on the Ecosystem 191
8.3 Fate of PPCPs in Biological Systems 192
8.3.1 Removal Efficiencies in Conventional Biological Systems 195
8.3.2 Removal Mechanisms 196
8.3.3 Factors Affecting PPCP Removal 197
8.4 Selected Pharmaceutical Removal in Suspended Biomass System 199
8.4.1 Application of CCD in Batch Biomass Systems 200
8.4.2 MNZ and ACE Removal in Batch Biosystems 202
8.4.3 Effect of C/N Ratio on MNZ Removal 203
8.5 Summary and Future Direction 203
References 205
9: Extremophiles: A Powerful Choice for Bioremediation of Toxic Oxyanions 209
9.1 Extremophiles 210
9.2 Metalloid Oxyanions and their Toxicity 210
9.2.1 Arsenoxyanions 211
9.2.2 Selenoxyanions 212
9.2.3 Chromoxyanions 212
9.2.4 Telluroxyanions 213
9.3 Remediation Techniques 214
9.3.1 Physical Remediation 215
9.3.2 Chemical Remediation 216
9.3.3 Bioremediation 216
9.4 Metalloid Oxyanion Detoxification Mechanisms 217
9.4.1 Halophiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation 217
9.4.2 Halotolerant and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation 223
9.4.3 Halophilic Archaea and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation 224
9.4.4 Alkaliphiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation 226
9.4.5 Haloalkaliphiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation 229
9.4.6 Acidophiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation 230
9.4.7 Thermophiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation 235
9.5 Concluding Remarks 242
References 246
10: Conventional and Nonconventional Biodegradation Technologies for Agro-Industrial Liquid Waste Management 256
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 Issues Associated with ALW 258
10.3 Biological Technologies for ALW Management 258
10.4 Conventional Technologies 259
10.4.1 Vermicomposting 259
10.4.2 Biogas Production 259
10.4.3 Utilization of ALW as Co-Substrate in Fermentation Processes 260
10.4.4 Unicellular Protein Production 261
10.5 Nonconventional Technologies 262
10.5.1 Soil Bioremediation 262
10.5.2 Dark Fermentation 262
10.5.3 Biohythane Production 263
10.6 Physicochemical Degradation Processes for ALW 263
10.7 Conventional 264
10.7.1 Fertigation 264
10.7.2 Concentration by Evaporation 264
10.7.3 Animal Feedstock 264
10.7.4 Combustion 265
10.7.5 Gasification 265
10.8 Nonconventional 266
10.8.1 Membranes 266
10.8.2 Electrochemical Process 266
10.9 Conclusion 266
References 267
11: White Rot Fungi: Nature´s Scavenger 271
11.1 Introduction 272
11.2 Synthetic Dyes and Their Applications 273
11.2.1 Production of Textile Effluents Containing Synthetic Dyes 275
11.2.2 Environmental Impact of Textile Dye Effluents 277
11.3 Wastewater Remediation 279
11.3.1 Physicochemical Methods for Remediation of Textile Effluents 279
11.3.2 Biological Treatments 283
11.4 Role of White Rot Fungi for Bioremediation of Synthetic Textile Dyes 284
11.4.1 Removal of Dyes by Biosorption Using White Rot Fungi 286
11.4.2 Removal of Dyes by Biodegradation Using White Rot Fungi 286
11.4.2.1 Study of Dye Decolorization on Solid Agar Medium 287
11.4.2.2 Study of Dye Decolorization Using Active Growth of Fungi in Liquid Medium 287
11.4.2.3 Study of Dye Decolorization Using Immobilized Fungal Biomass 290
11.4.2.4 Study of Dye Decolorization Using Metabolically Active Fungal Cell (Pellet) 291
11.4.2.5 Decolorization Dyes by Semisolid-State and Solid-State Fermentation 292
11.4.3 Bioremediation of Dyes by Ligninolytic Enzymes 293
11.4.3.1 Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes 293
Laccases 293
Laccase Mediator System (LMS) 295
Lignin Peroxidases 296
Manganese Peroxidases 297
Versatile Peroxidases 298
Other Lignin Degrading Enzymes and Accessory Enzymes 298
11.4.4 Bioremediation by Ligninolytic Enzymes 299
11.5 Product Identification and Mechanism of Dye Degradation 301
11.6 Future Perspectives 301
References 302
12: Nanobioremediation: An Emerging Approach for a Cleaner Environment 312
12.1 Introduction 312
12.2 Health and Environmental Issues of Pollution 313
12.3 Conventional Methods for Remediation 313
12.3.1 Physical Methods 313
12.3.2 Chemical Treatment Methods 314
12.3.3 Biological Treatment Methods 314
12.3.3.1 Biofiltration 315
12.3.3.2 Biosorption 315
12.3.3.3 Biophysiochemical Method 315
12.3.3.4 Novel Biosorbents 315
12.3.3.5 Bioaugmentation 316
12.3.3.6 Bacterial Sulfate Reduction (BSR) 316
12.3.3.7 Phytoremediation 316
12.4 Nanobioremediation: Need for an Alternative Technology 317
12.4.1 Historical Perspective 317
12.4.2 Science of Bioremediation with Nanomaterials 318
12.4.3 Nanosensors and Purifiers 319
12.5 Green Synthesis of NPs for Nanobioremediation 321
12.6 Generalized Mechanisms 323
12.6.1 Adsorption 324
12.6.1.1 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (me/MeONPs) 324
12.6.1.2 Bimetallic Nanoparticles (BNPs) 325
12.6.1.3 Modified Nanoparticles 325
12.6.1.4 Other Nanosorbents 326
12.6.2 Transformation 326
12.6.3 Catalysis 327
12.6.4 Fenton Reaction 327
12.7 Types of Nanomaterials and their Applications in Bioremediation and Biodegradation 328
12.7.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 328
12.7.2 Enzyme NPs in Bioremediation 331
12.7.3 Engineered Polymeric NPs 333
12.7.4 Carbon Nanomaterials 334
12.7.5 Nanofibers 335
12.7.6 Dendrimers 336
12.7.7 Photocatalytic 336
12.7.8 Biogenic Uraninite NPs 336
12.8 Nanobioremediation in Marine Ecosystems 339
12.9 Nanobioremediation in Air Pollution 340
12.10 Bioremediation of Electronic Waste 341
12.11 Advances in Nanobioremediation Technology 342
12.12 Pros and Cons of Nanomaterials in Bioremediation 343
12.13 Conclusion 344
12.14 Nanobioremediation: Way Forward 345
References 345
13: Bioelectrochemical System for Bioremediation and Energy Generation 367
13.1 Introduction 368
13.2 Electrochemically Active Biofilms 369
13.2.1 Mechanisms of Electron Transfer 369
13.2.2 Application of Electrogens in MFC 371
13.2.3 Biofilm Electrochemistry 372
13.2.3.1 Cyclic Voltammetry: A Tool to Analyse the Biofilm Electrochemical Phenomenon 372
13.2.3.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 373
13.3 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell 373
13.3.1 Electrogenic Bacteria 374
13.3.2 Terminal Electron Acceptor 374
13.3.3 Electrode Material 375
13.3.4 Proton Exchange Membrane 376
13.3.5 Oxygen Reduction Catalyst 377
13.3.5.1 Biomass-Derived Cathode Catalyst for Application in MFCs 377
13.4 Applications of MFCs 378
13.4.1 Microbial Desalination Cell 378
13.4.2 Microbial Carbon-Capture Cell 379
13.4.3 Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell 380
13.5 Bioremediation and Biodegradation in MFC 381
13.5.1 Bioremediation of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater 381
13.5.2 Bioremediation of Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater 382
13.5.3 Microbial Fuel Cell for Recalcitrant Remediation 384
13.5.4 Value-Added Product Recovery in Microbial Fuel Cell: Heavy Metal Recovery 386
13.6 Bottlenecks and Future Perspective 386
13.7 Summary 387
References 388
14: Ligninolysis: Roles of Microbes and Their Extracellular Enzymes 394
14.1 Introduction 395
14.2 Chemical Basis of Recalcitrant Nature of Lignin 396
14.3 Ligninolytic Microbes 396
14.4 Ezymes Implicated in Lignin Degradation 397
14.5 Radical Chemistry in Lignin Degradation 401
14.6 Lignin-Degrading Enzyme Activity Is Indicative of Lignin Degradation Capability 402
14.7 Molecular Characterization of Ligninolytic Microbes 403
14.8 Conclusion 405
References 405
15: Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Cyanobacteria: Potential of Live and Dead Cells in Bioremediation 409
15.1 Introduction 409
15.2 Potential of Cyanobacteria as Biosorbent 410
15.3 Cell Surface Chemistry and Metal Binding 412
15.4 Mechanism of Biosorption 414
15.5 Factors Affecting Biosorption 415
15.5.1 Effect of pH 415
15.5.2 Effect of Temperature 416
15.5.3 Effect of Initial Metal Concentration 416
15.5.4 Effect of Biosorbent Concentration 417
15.5.5 Effect of Contact Time 417
15.5.6 Effect of Cations and Anions on the Metal Removal 418
15.5.7 Effect of Desorbing Agents on Metal Removal and Reusability of the Biomass 418
15.5.8 Effect of Multi-metals on the Metal Removal Efficiency 419
15.6 Conclusion 420
References 420
16: Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals in Water and Wastewater 424
16.1 Introduction 425
16.2 Commonly Used Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Contaminants 427
16.3 Remediation of Pharmaceuticals 429
16.3.1 Physicochemical Methods for Pharmaceutical Remediation 431
16.3.2 Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals 433
16.3.2.1 Biochar-Based Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals 433
16.3.2.2 Microbe-Based Remediation of Pharmaceuticals 434
Processes with Indirect Involvement of Missed and Unknown Microbes 434
Activated Sludge Processes 434
Membrane Bioreactor 437
Remediation Using the Pure Culture of Microorganisms 437
Bacteria 437
Fungi 438
Algae 438
16.4 Conclusion 439
References 440
17: Bioremediation of Saline Soil by Cyanobacteria 446
17.1 Soil Salinity and Nutrient Cycling by Halophilic Microorganism 447
17.1.1 Photoprotective Mechanisms in Cyanobacteria in Saline Environment 455
17.1.2 UV-Stress Avoidance 456
17.1.3 UV-Stress Defence in Natural and Saline Environments 457
17.2 Active Repair Mechanisms 459
17.3 Combinatory Strategies 459
17.3.1 Effect of Cyanobacterial Biofertilization in Saline Soils 460
17.4 Conclusion 462
References 463
18: Advancement in Treatment Technologies of Biopharmaceutical Industrial Effluents 465
18.1 Introduction 466
18.2 Types of Pharmaceuticals 467
18.3 Application of Biopharmaceutical Products 468
18.4 Environmental Impact 469
18.5 Technologies for Biopharmaceutical Wastewater Effluent 470
18.5.1 Activated Sludge Biological Process 471
18.5.2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) Process 473
18.5.3 MBR Technology 473
18.5.4 Mechanical Steam Compression Vacuum Evaporators 475
18.5.5 Reverse Osmosis Technology 475
18.5.6 Ozonation Plant Technology 476
18.5.7 Modular Thermal Plant Treatment 476
18.5.8 Advanced Oxidation Process 476
18.5.9 Physicochemical Process 477
18.5.10 Chemical Process 478
18.5.10.1 Chlorination 478
18.5.10.2 Ozonation 478
18.5.10.3 Neutralization 478
18.5.10.4 Coagulation 478
18.5.11 Biological Process 479
18.6 Conclusion 479
References 480
19: Marine Bacteria: A Storehouse of Novel Compounds for Biodegradation 483
19.1 Environmental Pollution 484
19.2 Hydrocarbon Pollutants 485
19.3 Pollutant Processing in Marine Environment 485
19.4 Biodegradation of the Marine Pollutants 486
19.5 Hydrocarbon-Degrading Marine Microorganism 486
19.6 Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Degradation by Microorganisms 487
19.6.1 Aerobic Degradation 487
19.6.1.1 Fundamental Reactions of Aerobic Degradation 487
19.6.1.2 Complete Mineralization (Dioxygenase Pathway) 487
19.6.1.3 Co-metabolic Transformation (Monooxygenase Pathway) 487
19.6.2 Anaerobic Degradation 488
19.6.2.1 Conditions and Factors That Affect Hydrocarbon Degradation 488
19.7 Biosurfactants 488
19.7.1 Types of Biosurfactants 489
19.7.1.1 Glycolipids 489
Rhamnolipids 489
Trehalolipids 490
Sophorolipids 490
19.7.1.2 Lipopeptide and Lipoproteins 490
Surfactin 490
Lichenysin 490
19.7.1.3 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids 490
19.7.1.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants 491
19.7.1.5 Particulate Biosurfactants 491
19.7.2 Properties of Biosurfactants 494
19.7.2.1 Surface and Interface Activity 494
19.7.2.2 Biodegradability 494
19.7.2.3 Low Toxicity 494
19.7.2.4 Emulsion Forming and Emulsion Breaking 495
19.7.2.5 Antimicrobial Activity 495
19.7.3 Applications of Biosurfactants 496
19.7.3.1 Potential Food Applications 496
19.7.3.2 Antiadhesive Agents 497
19.7.3.3 Anticancer Activity 497
19.7.3.4 Antihuman Immunodeficiency Virus and Sperm-Immobilizing Activity 497
19.7.3.5 Agents for Respiratory Failure 498
19.7.3.6 Agents for Stimulation of Skin Fibroblast Metabolism 498
19.7.3.7 Pretreatment of Rubber Gloves Used for Surgery 498
19.7.4 Countries Producing Biosurfactants 498
19.8 Summary 499
References 499
20: Energy-Efficient Anaerobic Ammonia Removal: From Laboratory to Full-Scale Application 502
20.1 Introduction 503
20.2 Discovery and Phylogeny of Anammox 504
20.3 Possible Reaction Mechanisms for Anammox 507
20.4 Basal and Designated Medium Development 509
20.5 Anammox Culture in the Laboratory 510
20.6 Commercial Application of Anammox Process 513
20.7 Cost and Energy Sustainability 516
20.8 Conclusion 518
References 518
21: Microbial Degradation of Natural and Synthetic Rubbers 524
21.1 Introduction 524
21.2 Solid Waste of Rubber in Environment 525
21.3 Recent Problems with Polymeric Rubber Waste Management 526
21.4 Decomposition and Disintegration of Rubber 527
21.4.1 Decomposition of Natural Rubber (NR) by Bacteria 527
21.4.2 Decomposition of Synthetic Rubber (SR) by Bacteria 529
21.4.3 Decomposition of Natural Rubber (NR) by Fungi 530
21.4.4 Decomposition of Synthetic Rubber (SR) by Fungi 530
21.4.5 In Vitro Disintegration of Rubber 531
21.5 Recent Techniques to Analyze Rubber Degradation 531
21.5.1 Growth of Rubber-Degrading Bacteria on Polyisoprene 531
21.5.2 Detection of Aldehyde and Ketones Formed by Staining Methods 532
21.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 532
21.5.4 ATR-FTIR Analysis 532
21.5.5 Sturm´s Test 533
21.5.6 Increase in Protein Concentration with Respect to Weight Loss of Rubber 533
21.5.7 Viscosity Determination Tests 534
21.6 Genomics and Proteomics of Rubber Degraders 534
21.6.1 Latex Clearing Protein (Lcp) 534
21.6.2 Rubber Oxygenase A (RoxA) 536
21.6.3 Rubber Oxygenase B (RoxB) 536
21.6.4 Superoxide Dismutase (SodA) and Oxidative Stress Response by Gram-Positive Bacteria 537
21.6.5 Laccase and Manganese Peroxidase 537
21.6.6 Different Pathways of Rubber Degradation 538
21.6.6.1 Rubber Oxygenase Biosynthesis by Rubber-Degrading Bacteria Growing on Rubber and Extracellular Oxidative Cleavage of ... 538
Rubber Oxidation by Gram-Negative Bacteria 538
Rubber Oxidation by Gram-Positive Bacteria 538
21.6.6.2 Uptake of the Resultant Oligo-Isoprenes into the Bacterial Cells 539
21.6.6.3 ?-Oxidation 540
21.6.6.4 Metabolism of Acetyl-CoA and Propionyl-CoA 541
21.6.6.5 Anaplerotic Reactions and Gluconeogenesis 542
21.7 Conclusion 542
References 544
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.4.2020 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | IX, 550 p. 69 illus., 48 illus. in color. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Natur / Technik ► Natur / Ökologie |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe | |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Arbeits- / Sozial- / Umweltmedizin | |
| Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Klinische Umweltmedizin | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften | |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| Schlagworte | Advanced oxidation processes • biodegradation • bioremediation • Environment • Wastewater Treatment, Dyes |
| ISBN-10 | 981-15-1812-2 / 9811518122 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-981-15-1812-6 / 9789811518126 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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