An Introduction to Numerical Weather Prediction Techniques

T. N. Krishnamurti, Lahouari Bounoua

Introduction Finite Differences Finite Difference Formulation First Derivative Second Derivative The Laplacian Operator The Jacobian Operator Time Differencing Calculation of Vertical Motion Vertical Velocity from Irregularly Spaced Wind Data Vertical Velocity from Regularly Spaced Wind Data Vertical Velocity from the Quasi-Geostrophic Omega Equation Multilevel Non-Linear Balance Omega Equation Numerical Algorithms Estimation of Streamfunctions, Velocity Potential, and Geopotential Height from the Wind Field Relaxation Method Fourier Transform Method Geopotential Height from the Wind Field Objective Analysis Panofsky's Method, Polynomial Approach Cressman's Method, Successive Corrections Technique Barnes' Objective Analysis Scheme Optimum Interpolation Technique Basic Physical Concepts Conversion of Moisture Variables Determination of the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) Moist Adiabatic Profile Convective Adjustment A Simple Cloud Model Cumulus Convection and Large Scale Condensation Cumulus Convection Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parameterization Scheme Large Scale Condensation Planetary Boundary Layer Bulk Aerodynamic Calculation over Ocean and Land Roughness Parameter Surface Fluxes from Similarity Theory Height of the Boundary Layer in an Unstable Situation Height of the Boundary Layer in a Stable Situation Vertical Distribution of Fluxes Radiative Transfers Longwave Radiation Shortwave Radiation Cloud Specification Radiative Heat Balance at the Earth's Surface The Code The Barotropic Model Dynamics of the Barotropic Model Properties of Barotropic Flow Barotropic Energy Exchange Model Structure and Boundary Conditions Treatment of the Advective Terms and Time Differencing Scheme Initial Conditions Description of the Code The Single Level Primitive Equations Model Dynamic of the Single Level Primitive Equations Model Properties of the Single Level Primitive Equations Model Model Structure and Boundary Conditions Treatment of the Advective Terms and Time Differencing Scheme Computation of the Forcing Functions Initialization of the Single Level Primitive Equations Model Data Sets for Numerical Weather Prediction Rainfall Distribution from Outgoing Longwave Radiation SSM/I Based Rain Rates, Wind Speed, and Total Precipitable Water Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Fractional Cloud Cover Model Output Diagnostics Energy and Energy Transformation Terms On the Computation of the 4-Dimensional Trajectories References List of Subroutines Index