Medicinal Plants (eBook)
X, 439 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-31269-5 (ISBN)
This book offers a fresh look on a variety of issues concerning herbal medicine - the methods of growing and harvesting various medicinal plants; their phytochemical content; medicinal usage; regulatory issues; and mechanism of action against myriad of human and animal ailments. 'Medicinal Plants: From Farm to Pharmacy' comprises chapters authored by renowned experts from academics and industry from all over the world. It provides timely, in-depth study/analysis of medicinal plants that are already available in the market as supplements or drug components, while also introducing several traditional herbs with potential medicinal applications from various regions of the world. The book caters to the needs of a diverse group of readers: plant growers, who are looking for ways to enhance the value of their crops by increasing phytochemical content of plant products; biomedical scientists who are studying newer applications for crude herbal extracts or isolated phytochemicals; clinicians and pharmacologists who are studying interactions of herbal compounds with conventional treatment modalities; entrepreneurs who are navigating ways to bring novel herbal supplements to the market; and finally, natural medicine enthusiasts and end-users who want to learn how herbal compounds are produced in nature, how do they work and how are they used in traditional or modern medicine for various disease indications.
Dr. Nirmal Joshee is a Professor of Plant Science at Fort Valley State University (FVSU), Fort Valley, GA, USA. He earned his Ph.D. from North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India. He did post-doctoral research work in Japan (Biotechnology Institute, Akita) and the USA (University of Nebraska Medical Ctr., Omaha, NE) before joining FVSU. Dr. Joshee is one of the founding members of American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP), and currently serves as the Vice-President. His lab conducts research in the field of plant tissue culture and conservation, antitumor compounds in the genus Scutellaria, and gene transfer strategies for plant transformation and secondary metabolite production.
Foreword 5
Preface 7
Contents 9
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Modern Medicine: Garden to Pill Box 11
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 Types of Drugs 12
1.2.1 Cardiovascular Drugs 12
1.2.1.1 Atropine 12
1.2.1.2 Digoxin 13
1.2.1.3 Warfarin 14
1.2.2 Oncologic Drugs 15
1.2.2.1 Paclitaxel 15
1.2.2.2 Vinblastine 16
1.2.2.3 Etoposide 17
1.2.3 Neurologic Drugs 18
1.2.3.1 Scopolamine 18
1.2.3.2 Levodopa (l-Dopa) 19
1.2.4 Pain Suppressants 20
1.2.4.1 Aspirin 20
1.2.4.2 Morphine 21
1.2.4.3 Menthol 22
1.3 Conclusion 23
References 23
Chapter 2: Bioprospecting for Pharmaceuticals: An Overview and Vision for Future Access and Benefit Sharing 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Plants in Drug Discovery 27
2.2.1 The Story of Paclitaxel 28
2.2.2 Structure-Activity Relationship Studies 29
2.2.3 Ethnobotanical Approach to Drug Discovery 30
2.3 Framework for Managing Intellectual Property 30
2.3.1 Protecting Intellectual Property of Researchers: Patenting of Natural Products 31
2.3.2 Protecting Intellectual Property of Local Communities and Biodiversity 32
2.3.3 Organizational Regulations 32
2.3.4 Managing Expectations 33
2.4 Challenges in Bioprospecting 33
2.4.1 Biopiracy 34
2.4.2 Conservation 35
2.4.3 Sharing of Intellectual Property 35
2.4.4 Access to Resources 36
2.5 Future Directions in Bioprospecting 36
2.5.1 Access and Benefit Sharing 37
2.5.2 The Role of Ethnobotanists 38
2.5.3 A Vision for an Interdisciplinary Bioprospecting Strategy 39
2.6 Conclusion 41
References 41
Chapter 3: Nepal: A Global Hotspot for Medicinal Orchids 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.1.1 General Botany 48
3.1.2 Why Orchids of Nepal? 48
3.2 Orchids in Written History 49
3.3 Orchid in Mythologies and Mysteries in Various Cultures 49
3.4 Etymology and Origin of Word for Orchid in English and Nepali 50
3.5 Flowering Plants and Orchids in Nepal 50
3.6 Early Botanical Expeditions and Work on Orchid in Nepal 51
3.7 Ethnobotany and Medicinal Orchids of Nepal 52
3.8 Orchids Are More than Medicine 53
3.9 Traditional Medical Systems in Nepal 54
3.10 Current Research Based on Traditional Knowledge 57
3.10.1 Anticancer Properties 77
3.11 Threats to Medicinal Orchids in Natural Habitats 80
3.12 Conservation Strategy, Sustainable Production and Cultivation 82
3.13 Conclusions 83
References 83
Chapter 4: Current Status and Future Prospects for Select Underutilized Medicinally Valuable Plants of Puerto Rico: A Case Study 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Geography, Climate, and Vegetation 93
4.3 Anthropogenic Factors 100
4.3.1 Destruction of Natural Habitats 100
4.3.2 Encroachment 101
4.3.3 Siltation of Water Bodies 102
4.3.4 Uncontrolled Deforestation 102
4.3.5 Overgrazing 103
4.3.6 Shift in People’s Interest from Ancient to Modern Medicine 103
4.3.7 Natural Factors 103
4.4 In Situ Conservation 106
4.5 Information and Assessment 107
4.6 Species Management Plans 107
4.7 Ex Situ Conservation 108
4.8 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Organic Farming 108
4.9 Sustainable Use of Underutilized Medicinal Plants 109
4.10 Micropropagation: Synthetic Seeds and Somatic Embryogenesis 109
4.11 Conversation Through Cryopreservation 110
4.12 Study of Reproductive Biology of Underutilized Plants 111
4.13 Development of Suitable Propagation Methods 112
4.14 Application of Conventional Breeding Techniques 112
4.15 Genetic Transformation of Medicinal Plants 113
4.16 Pathway Engineering in Medicinal Plants 114
4.17 Improving Agronomic Traits in Medicinal Plants 114
4.18 Identification of Disease and Pests and Development of Management Strategies 114
4.19 Establishment of Facilities for Processing and Marketing of Products 115
References 116
Chapter 5: Black Pepper: Health Benefits, In Vitro Multiplication, and Commercial Cultivation 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Black Pepper: Health Benefits 123
5.2.1 Digestion 124
5.2.2 Respiratory Conditions 124
5.2.3 Skincare 124
5.2.4 Cancer 124
5.2.5 Diabetes 125
5.2.6 Alzheimer’s Disease 125
5.2.7 Blood Pressure 125
5.2.8 Obesity 125
5.3 Black Pepper: In Vitro Multiplication 126
5.3.1 Plant Material 126
5.3.2 Culture Medium 126
5.3.3 Micropropagation 126
5.3.4 Rooting 127
5.3.5 Acclimatization 128
5.3.6 Statistical Analysis 128
5.4 Black Pepper: Commercial Cultivation 129
5.4.1 Climatic Conditions 130
5.4.2 Soil Characteristics 130
5.4.3 Field Preparation 130
5.4.4 Preparation of Planting Materials 130
5.4.5 Standards and Planting 131
5.4.6 Pruning 131
5.4.7 Irrigation 131
5.4.8 Fertilizer Application 132
5.4.9 Weed Control 133
5.4.10 Insect Pests and Diseases 133
5.4.11 Harvesting 134
5.4.12 Processing, Drying, and Storage 134
5.4.13 Texture and Color 134
5.4.13.1 Green Pepper 134
5.4.13.2 Black Pepper 134
5.4.13.3 White Pepper 135
References 135
Chapter 6: Prospects for Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum L.) Production in North America 138
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Origin and Uses 139
6.3 Botany and Distribution 139
6.4 Commercial Production 143
6.5 Propagation 144
6.6 Medicinal Uses 145
References 147
Chapter 7: Skullcaps (Scutellaria spp.): Ethnobotany and Current Research 150
7.1 Introduction 150
7.2 Scutellaria in Various Traditional Medical Systems 152
7.2.1 Native Americans 153
7.2.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 154
7.2.3 Japanese Kampo 157
7.2.4 Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) 157
7.2.5 Nepali Traditional Medicine 158
7.2.6 Indian Traditional Medicine (ITM) 159
7.2.7 Traditional Iranian and Central Asia Medicine (TICAM) Systems 159
7.2.8 South American Medicine (SAM) Systems 160
7.3 Physical Nature of Traditional Medicine Formulations 160
7.4 Bioactive Compounds 163
7.5 Trichomes in Scutellaria 166
7.6 Nonhuman Application of Medicinal Scutellaria Species 166
7.6.1 Far Eastern Catfish (Silurus asotus) 166
7.6.2 Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) 167
7.6.3 Poultry 167
7.6.4 Pork 168
7.6.5 Cattle 168
7.6.6 Kimchi 168
7.7 Threats to Scutellaria Populations 169
7.7.1 Seed Set 169
7.7.2 Adulteration 169
7.8 Conclusion 170
References 171
Chapter 8: Cultivating Research Grade Cannabis for the Development of Phytopharmaceuticals 178
8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 The Plant Cannabis 180
8.3 Chemical Constituents of Cannabis sativa 181
8.4 Cannabis Biosynthesis 182
8.5 Biomass Production 187
8.6 Indoor Cultivation 187
8.7 Outdoor Cultivation 190
8.8 Harvesting 191
8.9 Postharvest Handling 191
8.10 Extraction of Cannabinoids 191
8.11 Cannabis: A Natural Candidate for Botanical Drug Development 192
References 193
Chapter 9: Natural Products as Possible Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases and Cancer 196
9.1 A Short History of Vaccines and their Mechanism of Action 196
9.2 Vaccines Currently in Use 198
9.3 Vaccine Adjuvants: A History and their Mechanism of Action 199
9.4 Vaccine Adjuvants: Delivery Systems Vs. Immunostimulators 199
9.4.1 Formation of Depot at the Site of Infection (Depot Effect) 201
9.4.2 Upregulation of Cytokines and Chemokines 201
9.4.3 Antigen Presentation and Activation/Maturation of Dendritic Cells 201
9.4.4 Activation of Inflammasomes 202
9.5 An Ideal Vaccine Adjuvant 203
9.6 Adjuvants in Clinical Trials, Licenced Out and in the Pipeline 204
9.7 Hurdles Facing the Development of Vaccine Adjuvants 204
9.8 Natural Vaccine Adjuvants 208
9.9 Current Herbals and Compounds Used for Vaccine Adjuvants 209
9.10 Natural Products as Adjuvants 210
9.10.1 Immunostimulating Herbals as Vaccine Adjuvants 210
9.10.2 TLR Agonists and Ligands 212
9.10.3 Plant Proteins, Polysaccharides and Fungi as Vaccine Adjuvants 213
9.11 Adjuvants Specific for Cancer Therapy (The Desired Properties) 214
9.12 Adjuvants Specific for Infectious Diseases (The Desired Properties) 214
9.13 Future Prospects for Natural Products as Adjuvants for Vaccines 214
References 216
Chapter 10: In Vitro Plant Cell Cultures: A Route to Production of Natural Molecules and Systematic In Vitro Assays for their Biological Properties 223
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 Significance of In Vitro Cultures 225
10.3 Establishment of In Vitro Plant Cell Cultures 225
10.3.1 Micropropagation 225
10.3.2 Callus Cultures 226
10.3.3 Cell Suspension Culture 227
10.4 Plant Secondary Metabolites 227
10.4.1 Chemical Classes of Secondary Metabolites 227
10.4.1.1 Terpenes 227
10.4.1.2 Phenolic Compounds 228
10.4.1.3 Nitrogenous Compounds 228
10.4.2 Quantification of Secondary Metabolites 229
10.5 Strategies to Enhance Secondary Metabolite Production 229
10.5.1 Optimization of Metabolite Synthesis by Culture Conditions 229
10.5.2 Selection of High Metabolite-Yielding Tissues 230
10.5.3 Precursor Feeding and Biotransformation 230
10.5.4 Elicitation and Stress-Induced Production 230
10.5.5 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation 231
10.5.6 Scale-Up in Bioreactor 231
10.6 In Vitro Methods for Assessment of Biological Properties 232
10.6.1 Antibacterial Activity 232
10.6.1.1 Diffusion Methods 232
10.6.1.2 Dilution Methods 234
10.6.1.3 Antimicrobial Gradient Method (E-test) 234
10.6.1.4 TLC Bioautography 236
10.6.1.5 Time Kill Test 236
10.6.1.6 ATP Bioluminescence Assay 236
10.6.1.7 Flow Cytofluorometric Method 237
10.6.2 Antidiabetic Activity 237
10.6.2.1 ?-Amylase Inhibition Assay 237
10.6.2.2 Glucose Diffusion Inhibitory Assay 237
10.6.3 Antioxidant Activity 238
10.6.3.1 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay 238
10.6.3.2 Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging (SO) Assay 238
10.6.3.3 Xanthine Oxidase (XO) Method 240
10.6.3.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging (H2O2) Assay 240
10.6.3.5 Nitric Oxide (NO) Assay 240
10.6.3.6 Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging (HO) Assay 241
10.6.3.7 Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay 241
10.6.3.8 Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay 241
10.6.4 Anticancer Activity 242
10.6.4.1 MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) Assay 242
10.6.4.2 XTT (2,3-Bis[2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl]-2H Tetrazolium-5-Carboxyanilide Inner Salt) Assay 242
10.6.4.3 MTS (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-Carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium) Assay 243
10.6.4.4 Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion Assay 243
10.6.4.5 Resazurin Cell Growth Inhibition Assay 243
10.6.5 Anthelmintic Activity 243
10.6.6 Schizonticidal Activity 245
10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 245
References 245
Chapter 11: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Passiflora Species 250
11.1 Introduction 250
11.2 Biodiversity and Taxonomy of Genus Passiflora 252
11.3 Ethnopharmacology 253
11.4 Pharmacological Activities 255
11.4.1 Antioxidant 255
11.4.2 Antimicrobial 260
11.4.3 Analgesic 262
11.4.4 Anti-inflammatory 263
11.4.5 Antipyretic 266
11.5 Bioactive Compounds 267
11.6 Conclusion 269
References 275
Chapter 12: Modulation of Tumor Immunity by Medicinal Plant or Functional Food-Derived Compounds 282
12.1 Introduction 282
12.2 An Introduction to Natural Compounds 283
12.3 Innate Immune Components of Anti- or Pro-tumor Inflammation 284
12.4 The Important Roles of CD4+ T-Helper and Treg Cells 287
12.5 TNF-? and NF-?B 289
12.6 Natural Compounds, a Plausible Alternative 290
12.7 Conclusion 293
References 294
Chapter 13: Dietary Brown Seaweed Extract Supplementation in Small Ruminants 298
13.1 Introduction 298
13.2 Taxonomy of Brown Seaweed and History of Use in Livestock 299
13.3 Nutritional Value of Brown Seaweed 301
13.4 Effects of Brown Seaweed Extract in Livestock 302
13.4.1 Stress Responses 302
13.4.2 Antioxidant Activity 304
13.4.3 Immune Function 306
13.4.4 Rumen Metabolism 307
13.4.5 Gut Microbial Population and Food Safety 309
13.4.6 Body Composition 310
13.4.7 Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics 312
13.5 Perceived Downsides of Brown Seaweed Usage 314
13.6 Conclusions 315
References 315
Chapter 14: Discovery of Green Tea Polyphenol-Based Antitumor Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Implications 320
14.1 Introduction 320
14.2 Green Tea, EGCG, and Cancer 322
14.2.1 EGCG as a Chemopreventative 323
14.2.2 EGCG Can Target Multiple Molecular Signaling Pathways Required for Cancer Cell Survival 325
14.2.3 EGCG as a Tumor 20S Proteasome Inhibitor 326
14.2.4 Development of Pro-EGCG to Improve EGCG’s Stability, Bioavailability, and Activity 328
14.2.5 Novel EGCG Analogs Resistant to COMT-Mediated Methylation and Inhibition 329
14.3 Activities of EGCG Prodrugs and Analogs in Uterine Fibroids 330
14.3.1 Pro-EGCG and Its Analogs 331
14.3.2 Compounds 4 and 6 332
14.4 Conclusions 335
References 337
Chapter 15: Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Terpenes 340
15.1 Introduction 340
15.1.1 What Are Terpenes? 340
15.1.2 Plants that Carry Medicinal Terpene 341
15.1.3 Properties Associated with Terpene 342
15.1.3.1 Anti-insect 342
15.1.3.2 Antimicrobial 343
15.1.4 Monoterpenes 344
15.1.5 Monoterpene Emission Under Heat Stress 344
15.1.6 Sesquiterpenes 345
15.1.7 Diterpenes 346
15.1.8 Triterpenes 347
15.1.9 Tetraterpenes 348
15.1.10 MEP Pathway 348
15.1.11 MVA Pathway 349
15.1.12 Cannabis 349
15.1.13 Antiplasmodial Activity 350
15.1.14 Antiviral Activity 351
15.1.15 Anticancer 353
15.1.16 Antidiabetic 354
15.1.17 Antidepressant 355
15.1.18 Uses in Folk Medicine 357
References 362
Chapter 16: Unexplored Medicinal Flora Hidden Within South Africa’s Wetlands 367
16.1 Introduction 367
16.2 South African Wetlands 368
16.3 The Types of Plants Found Within Wetlands 369
16.3.1 Emergent 369
16.3.2 Submerged 369
16.3.3 Floating 370
16.3.4 Riparian and Marginal 370
16.4 Potential Medicinal Properties of Aquatic and Wetland Plants 370
16.5 Conclusion 373
References 399
Chapter 17: Sea Buckthorn: A Multipurpose Medicinal Plant from Upper Himalayas 405
17.1 Introduction 405
17.2 Classification 406
17.2.1 Taxonomic Status of the Genus 407
17.3 Origin and Distribution 408
17.3.1 Jammu and Kashmir 408
17.3.2 Uttarakhand 409
17.3.3 Himachal Pradesh 410
17.3.4 Sikkim 410
17.4 Cultivation Practices 410
17.4.1 Soil 410
17.4.2 Irrigation 411
17.4.3 Manure and Fertilizer 411
17.4.4 Propagation 411
17.4.5 Grafting 412
17.4.6 Nursery Management 412
17.4.7 Orchard Establishment 412
17.4.8 Pruning 413
17.4.9 Cultivars 413
17.4.10 Fruit Harvesting (Gupta and Singh 2003) 414
17.4.10.1 Hand Picking 414
17.4.10.2 Beat the Bush 414
17.4.10.3 Cutting of Branch 414
17.4.10.4 Jaw-Tooth and Brush Harvester 414
17.4.10.5 Fruit Comb 414
17.4.10.6 Use of Bioregulators 415
17.4.10.7 Trunk and Branch Shaker 415
17.4.11 Leaf Harvesting (Mann et al. 2003) 415
17.4.11.1 Hand Held Prototype 415
17.4.11.2 Trailer-Mounted Prototype 415
17.4.12 Yield 416
17.4.13 Insect, Pests and Diseases 416
17.5 Postharvest Handling and Storage 417
17.5.1 Juice Extraction and Storage 417
17.5.2 Oil Extraction 418
17.5.3 Pigment Extraction 418
17.6 Nutritional Attributes 418
17.6.1 Berry Pulp/Juice 419
17.6.1.1 Moisture and TSS 420
17.6.1.2 Vitamins 420
17.6.1.3 Mineral Elements 421
17.6.2 Seeds 421
17.6.3 Leaves 421
17.6.4 Bark 422
17.6.5 Sea Buckthorn Oil 422
17.7 Traditional Uses 423
17.8 Socio-economic Benefits 424
17.8.1 Collection and Trading in Ladakh 425
17.9 Ecological Impact 426
17.9.1 Nitrogen Fixation 426
17.9.2 Desertification Control 427
17.9.3 Soil and Moisture Conservation 427
17.9.4 Fencing and Windbreaks 428
17.9.5 Firewood 428
17.9.6 Wildlife Habitats 428
17.9.7 Improvement of Microclimate (Tan et al. 1994 Shun 1993
17.9.7.1 Solar Radiation 429
17.9.7.2 Soil Temperature 429
17.9.7.3 Relative Humidity 429
17.9.7.4 Evaporation 429
17.9.7.5 Wind Velocity 429
17.9.8 Improvement of Soil Physical Properties (Tan et al. 1994) 430
References 430
Index 433
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 11.11.2019 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | X, 439 p. 86 illus., 41 illus. in color. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Naturheilkunde |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik | |
| Schlagworte | biomedical research • conservation • ethnobotany • herbal supplements • In vitro studies |
| ISBN-10 | 3-030-31269-0 / 3030312690 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-030-31269-5 / 9783030312695 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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