Advances in Sustainable Polymers (eBook)

Preface 7
About Fourth International Symposium on Advances in Sustainable Polymers (ASP-17): From 08–11 January 2018 Organized by IIT Guwahati 10
Acknowledgements 12
Contents 13
Editors and Contributors 15
Abbreviations 20
Sustainable Polymers for Biomedical Applications 29
1 Biodegradable Polymer-Based Nanohybrids for Controlled Drug Delivery and Implant Applications 30
Abstract 30
1 Introduction 30
1.1 Emergence of Biodegradable Polymers 31
1.2 Advantages and Challenges of Biodegradable Polymers 32
2 Biodegradable Polymers 32
2.1 Polysaccharides 32
2.2 Polyesters 34
2.3 Polyurethane 35
3 Development of Controlled Drug Release Using Biodegradable Polymer Nanohybrids 35
4 Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering 40
References 41
2 Biobased Nanohydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Techniques for Preparation of Biobased Nanohydrogels 50
2.1 In Situ Polymerization 50
2.2 Microemulsion Method 50
2.3 Precipitation Polymerization 51
3 Characterization Methods 51
3.1 Spectroscopic Characterization 51
3.2 Microscopic Characterization 53
3.3 Study of Toxicity 56
3.4 Swelling Behaviours 57
3.5 Antibacterial Activities 59
4 Controlled Release of Drugs with Encapsulation of Biobased Nanohydrogels 60
4.1 In Vitro Release of Drugs 60
4.2 In Vivo Drugs Delivery 61
5 Conclusion 62
Acknowledgements 62
References 62
3 Biocompatible Polymer Based Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering 68
Abstract 68
1 Introduction 68
2 Basic Requisite Properties of a TE Scaffold 69
3 Nanofiber Scaffolds 70
4 Synthesis of Nanofibers Scaffolds by Electrospinning 71
5 Biocompatible Polymers as TE Scaffolds 73
6 Nanofiber Scaffolds for TE Applications 73
6.1 Skin Tissue 73
6.2 Bone and Cartilage Tissue 77
6.3 Vascular Tissue 79
6.4 Nerve Tissue 79
7 Drug Delivery Using Nanofiber Scaffolds 80
7.1 In Vitro Drug Release from Nanofiber Scaffolds 81
8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 83
References 84
4 Bioactive Glasses: Prospects in Bone Tissue Engineering 92
Abstract 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Methods of Synthesis 94
2.1 Melt-Quench Synthesis 94
2.2 Sol–Gel Method 96
2.3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 98
3 Bioactive Glasses in Bone Tissue Engineering 98
3.1 Mechanism of Bone Formation 98
3.2 Types of Bioactive Glasses 99
4 Applications: Case Studies 101
4.1 Bioactive Glass Hybrids 102
4.2 Hyperthermia Treatment 103
4.3 Large Bone Defects 103
4.4 Bioactive Glass Hydrogels 104
4.5 Osteosarcoma Treatment 104
4.6 Electrospun Scaffolds 105
4.7 Surface Functionalization 106
5 Summary 106
References 106
5 Biomaterials for Biomedical Devices and Implants 109
Abstract 109
1 Introduction 110
2 3D Printed Embolic Agent for Endovascular Embolization 111
3 Prosthesis and Orthosis for Lower Limb 117
3.1 Level of Amputation 118
3.2 Lower Limb Prosthesis 118
3.3 Suspension System 120
3.4 Socket 121
3.5 Knee Rotator 123
3.6 Polycentric Knee Joint 124
3.7 Prosthetic Foot 127
3.8 Custom Foot Orthosis 128
4 Summary 130
References 131
6 Carbohydrate Therapeutics Based on Polymer-Grafted Glyconanoparticles: Synthetic Methods and Applications 134
Abstract 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Glyconanoparticles 136
3 Synthesis of Glycopolymers by Controlled/Living Polymerization 138
3.1 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP) 138
3.2 Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) 139
3.3 Reversible Addition-Fragment Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization 141
4 Applications of Glycopolymer Nanoparticles 142
4.1 Biosensing and Imaging 142
4.2 Drug Delivery 143
4.3 Biomacromolecules Conjugation 144
4.4 Other Applications 145
5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 146
Acknowledgments 146
References 146
7 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Its Potential Applications 154
Abstract 154
1 Introduction 155
2 Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 156
2.1 General Microorganisms Used for Biosynthesis 156
2.2 Sources of Carbon for PHA-Producing Microorganisms 157
2.2.1 Thermochemical Treatment/Physicochemical Treatment 158
2.2.2 Biological Treatment 160
2.3 Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass for the Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) 161
2.4 Types of Fermentation Technologies Used for the Production of PHAs 161
2.4.1 Production of PHAs from Mixed Culture 162
2.5 Characteristics of PHAs 163
3 Applications of PHAs 164
3.1 Articular Cartilage Repair 164
3.2 Cardiovascular Patch Grafting 166
3.3 Meniscus Repair Devices 168
3.4 Molded Products: Disposable Needles, Syringes, Sutures, Surgical Gloves, Gowns, and Others 169
3.5 Possible Application of PHA in Packaging Sector 171
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 177
References 177
Sustainable Polymers for Food Packaging Applications 188
8 Chitosan-Based Edible Coating: A Customise Practice for Food Protection 189
Abstract 189
1 Introduction 190
2 Properties of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 192
3 Strategies for Tailored Properties of Chitosan-Based Edible Coating 193
4 Properties of Chitosan-Based Edible-Coated Food Products 195
4.1 Physical Property 195
4.2 Chemical Property 196
4.3 Texture Property 196
4.4 Respiration Rate 196
4.5 Sensory Property 197
4.6 Microbiological Property 198
5 Application of Chitosan in Edible Coating 198
6 Conclusion 201
References 201
9 Polysaccharide-Based Films for Food Packaging Applications 205
Abstract 205
1 Introduction 206
2 Biodegradable Food Packaging Films 207
3 Important Properties of Biodegradable Food Packaging Films 208
3.1 Gas Barrier Properties 208
3.2 Water Barrier Properties 210
3.3 Mechanical Properties 210
3.4 Thermal Properties 210
3.5 Antimicrobial Activity 211
4 Starch Properties and Its Limitations 211
5 Cellulose Properties and Its Limitations 213
6 Chitosan Properties and Its Limitations 215
7 Role of Plasticizers in Food Packaging Materials 216
8 Recent Research on Starch/Cellulose, Its Derivatives and Chitosan-Based Food Packaging Films 217
9 Future Trends 223
Acknowledgements 224
References 224
10 Biopolymer Dispersed Poly Lactic Acid Composites and Blends for Food Packaging Applications 230
Abstract 230
1 Introduction 231
2 Production and Application Statistics of Bioplastics 233
3 Importance of Food Packaging 235
4 Major Biopolymers 236
4.1 Cellulose 236
4.2 Chitosan 236
4.3 Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) 237
5 PLA-Based Bionanocomposites 238
5.1 Nanocellulose 239
5.2 Nanochitosan (NCS) 240
5.3 Nanoclay 241
6 Processing Techniques of PLA-Based Composite Films 242
6.1 Compounding of PLA 243
6.2 Film Preparation by Extrusion Blowing 244
6.3 Film Preparation by Solvent Casting 244
6.4 Film Properties 244
7 PLA-Based Biocomposite in Food Packaging Applications 245
7.1 PLA/Chitosan Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging 245
7.2 PLA/NCS Blown Films for Food Packaging 246
7.3 PLA/Montmorillonite (MMT) Films for Food Packaging 247
7.4 PLA/MMT Blown Films for Food Packaging 247
7.5 PLA/Cellulose Nanocrystal Films for Food Packaging 248
8 Conclusion 250
References 251
11 Bacterial Cellulose Based Hydrogel Film for Sustainable Food Packaging 257
Abstract 257
1 Introduction 258
2 PVP-CMC-BCs Hydrogel Film 259
2.1 Biosynthesis of Microbial Polysaccharide 259
2.2 Preparation of Polymeric Hydrogel Film 260
2.3 Preparation of Sustainable Food Packaging 260
3 Shelf Life of Sustainable (PVP-CMC-BCs) Food Package 261
3.1 Shelf Life Test of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 263
3.2 Progressive Weight Loss Scenario of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 263
4 Conclusions 264
5 Future Scopes 265
Acknowledgements 265
References 265
Sustainable Polymers for Other Emerging Application 266
12 Green Composites Based on Aliphatic and Aromatic Polyester: Opportunities and Application 267
Abstract 267
1 Introduction 268
2 Need of Green Composites 270
3 Polyester 270
3.1 Aliphatic Polyester 271
3.2 Aromatic Polyester 274
4 Application of Aliphatic Polyester Based Green Composites 275
4.1 PLA Based Green Composites 275
4.2 PHA Based Green Composites 279
4.3 PCL Based Green Composites 281
4.4 PBS Based Green Composites 283
4.5 PGA Based Green Composites 284
5 Application of Aromatic Polyester Based Green Composites 285
5.1 PET Based Green Composites 285
5.2 PBT Based Green Composites 285
6 Application of Aliphatic/Aromatic Polyester Based Green Composites 286
6.1 PCL and Terephthalic Acid Based Composites 286
6.2 Poly(Butylenes Succinate-co-Terephthalate) (PBST) Based Composites 286
6.3 Poly(Butyrate Adipate-co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) Based Composites 287
7 Conclusion 287
References 287
13 Advances in Bio-based Polymer Membranes for CO2 Separation 294
Abstract 294
1 Introduction 295
1.1 CO2 Capture Technologies 296
1.2 CO2 Capture Process 296
2 Theory of CO2 Separation 299
2.1 Solution-Diffusion Mechanism 299
2.2 Facilitated Transport Mechanism 300
3 Membrane Preparation Techniques 302
3.1 Phase Inversion 302
3.2 Solution Casting 303
4 Membrane Characterization 304
4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 304
4.2 Raman Spectroscopy 305
4.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 306
4.4 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 306
4.5 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) 306
4.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 307
4.7 Thermal Analysis 307
4.8 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 308
4.9 Contact Angle Measurement 308
5 Bio-based Polymeric Membrane for CO2 Separation 309
5.1 Cellulose 309
5.2 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 309
5.3 Chitosan (CS) 310
6 Types of Gases 311
7 Factors Affecting CO2 Separation Performance 311
7.1 Moisture 311
7.2 Temperature 312
7.3 Pressure 313
7.4 Thickness 314
7.5 Salting Out Phenomena 315
7.6 pH 316
8 Applications of CO2 Separation 317
8.1 Flue Gas 317
8.2 Synthesis Gas 317
8.3 Natural Gas 317
9 Conclusions and Future Directions 318
References 318
14 Microbial Fuel Cell: A Synergistic Flow Approach for Energy Power Generation and Wastewater Treatment 325
Abstract 325
1 Introduction 326
2 Flow-Related Aspects in MFCs 327
2.1 Flow Channels in MFCs 327
2.2 Innovative Flow Straighteners Application in MFCs 336
3 Concluding Remarks 348
Acknowledgements 348
References 348
15 Sustainable Polymer-Based Microfluidic Fuel Cells for Low-Power Applications 351
Abstract 351
1 Introduction 352
1.1 Microfluidics 353
1.2 Application of Microfluidics in Energy Conversion 353
2 Microfluidic Fuel Cells 354
2.1 Principle and History 354
2.2 Development of Miniaturized Fuel Cells 356
2.3 Theoretical and Hydrodynamic Model 357
3 Fabrication of Microfluidic Fuel Cell 359
3.1 Fabrication Technique for Microfluidic Fuel Cells 359
3.2 Base Material for Microfluidic Fuel Cells 360
3.3 Membranes for Ionic Transport 360
3.4 Catalytic Electrode Materials 361
4 Polymers in Microfluidic Fuel Cells 363
4.1 Polymers in the Fabrication of Microfluidic Fuel Cell Design 363
4.2 Polymer Materials as Proton Exchange Membrane 363
4.3 Polymers as the Electrode Materials 364
5 Paper-Based Polymer in Flexible Microfluidic Fuel Cells 366
5.1 Paper Microfluidics 366
5.2 Theoretical Background and Flow Control in Paper Substrate 367
5.3 Paper-Based Miniaturized Fuel Cells 370
6 Conclusion 371
Acknowledgements 372
References 372
16 Sustainable Polymeric Nanocomposites for Multifaceted Advanced Applications 378
Abstract 378
1 Introduction 379
2 Materials 380
2.1 PU 380
2.2 Polyester 382
2.3 Epoxy 385
2.4 Nanomaterials 386
3 Methods of Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites 389
3.1 Solution Mixing Technique 389
3.2 In Situ Polymerization Technique 389
3.3 Melt Mixing Technique 390
4 Characterization Techniques 391
4.1 Spectroscopic Techniques 391
4.2 Microscopic Techniques 392
4.3 Other Techniques 393
5 Properties 395
5.1 Physical Properties 395
5.2 Mechanical Properties 396
5.3 Chemical Properties 396
5.4 Thermal Properties 397
5.5 Optical Properties 397
5.6 Biological Properties 398
5.7 Magnetic Properties 398
5.8 Shape Memory Properties 399
6 Applications 399
6.1 Self-healing Material 400
6.2 Self-cleaning Material 401
6.3 Biomedical Application 403
7 Conclusion 403
References 404
17 Bio-based Polymeric Conductive Materials for Advanced Applications 411
Abstract 411
1 Introduction 412
2 Bio-based Polymers for Conductive Application 412
3 Modification Techniques 413
3.1 Conductive Composite 413
3.2 Conductive Blends 414
4 Bio-based Conductive Polymeric Substance Applications 415
4.1 Capacitor 416
4.2 Electrochemical Sensor 417
4.3 Biosensor 418
4.4 Battery 419
4.5 Conductive Biomedical Application 420
5 Shortcomings and Future Scope 420
References 422
18 Superhydrophobic Interfaces for High-Performance/Advanced Application 425
Abstract 425
1 Introduction 426
1.1 Different Models for Liquid Wettability on Solid Interfaces 427
2 Fabrication Methods of Artificial Superhydrophobic Interfaces 430
2.1 Top-Down Approaches 431
2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches 434
3 Durability Issue and Some Approaches to Overcome It 440
3.1 Self-healing of Anti-wetting Property by Recovering Chemistry 441
3.2 Self-healing of Anti-wetting Property by Recovering Topography 443
3.3 Bulk SHS 446
3.4 Stretchable and Compressible Superhydrophobicity 449
4 Applications 451
4.1 Absorption-Based Oil–Water Separation 451
4.2 Gravity-Driven Filtration-Based Oil–Water Separation 451
4.3 Controlled Drug Release of Bioactive Small Molecules 453
4.4 Anti-biofouling Coatings 454
4.5 Drag Reduction 457
4.6 Water Harvesting 459
4.7 Self-cleaning 460
4.8 Anti-corrosive Performance 461
5 Conclusion 462
References 463
19 Uses of Ceramic Membrane-Based Technology for the Clarification of Mosambi, Pineapple and Orange Juice 472
Abstract 472
1 Introduction 472
2 Fabrication of Ceramic Membrane 474
3 Preparation of Mosambi, Pineapple and Orange Juice 475
4 MF of Mosambi, Pineapple and Orange Juice 475
5 Measurement of Juice Quality 476
6 Ceramic Membrane Characterization 477
7 Membrane Flux and Fouling Mechanism 479
8 Fitness of Fouling Models 480
9 Physicochemical Properties of Feed and Permeate Samples 489
10 Summary 492
References 493