Nanoengineering Materials for Biomedical Uses (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
Contributors 11
1 Nanomaterials for Its Use in Biomedicine: An Overview 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Brief History of Materials Used in Medicine 16
1.3 Fundamental Concepts on Nanomaterials 17
1.4 Brief Considerations for Regenerative Medicine 19
1.5 Outlook and Future Perspectives 21
References 22
2 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 26
2.2.1 Synthesis of Spherical Fe3O4 Nanocrystals 26
2.2.2 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanocubes 27
2.2.3 Surface Modification 28
2.2.4 Synthesis of Goethite-like Hydrous Ferric Oxide Nanoparticles 30
2.3 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 30
2.3.1 Synthesis of Biocompatible AuNPs 31
2.3.2 Synthesis of Biocompatible AgNPs 33
2.4 Graphene Oxide and Carbon Dots 33
2.4.1 Graphene Oxide 34
2.4.2 Synthesis of Carbon Dots 36
2.5 Nanoceria 36
2.6 Characterization of Nanomaterials 38
2.7 Concluding Remarks 42
References 42
3 Advanced Surface Characterization Techniques in Nano- and Biomaterials 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) 48
3.3 SAXS, SANS, and Its Application in Biomedicine 51
3.3.1 Tailored Nanoparticles with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activities 51
3.3.2 Nanoparticles and Cancer Therapies 52
3.3.3 Proenzyme-like Nanoparticle 53
3.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 53
3.5 XPS for Biomaterial Characterization with Bio-pharm-med Applications 56
3.5.1 Biomaterial Biocompatibility and Their Use as Drug Delivery 56
3.5.2 Biomaterials Applied as Antimicrobials and Cancer Agents 57
3.6 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 58
3.6.1 XAS for Biomaterial Characterization with Bio-pharm-med Applications 61
3.7 Conclusions and Outlook 63
References 63
4 Computational Methodologies for Exploring Nano-engineered Materials 68
4.1 Computer-Aided Design of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 69
4.2 De novo Modeling of Nanostructures 73
4.3 Biomolecules Associated with Nanostructures 80
4.4 Concluding Remarks 83
References 84
5 Nanomaterials Applications in Cartilage Tissue Engineering 91
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Articular Cartilage from Macro- to Nanoscale 94
5.3 Nanomaterials in Cartilage Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 97
5.3.1 Nanoscale Structures in Scaffolds 97
5.4 Nanoparticle Composites to Tailor Mechanical Microenvironment 102
5.4.1 Tuning Mechanical Properties 102
5.4.2 Enabling Mechanical Stimulation 103
5.4.3 Enabling Electrical Stimulation 104
5.4.4 Tailoring the Chemical Microenvironment 106
5.5 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 107
5.6 Concluding Remarks 108
References 109
6 Nanomaterials for Engineering the Treatment of Skin Wounds 116
6.1 Introduction 116
6.2 The Basic Biology of Human Skin 117
6.3 When the Skin Is Wounded 118
6.3.1 Skin Wound Healing 119
6.4 Nanomaterials for Engineering Skin Wound Healing 120
6.4.1 Carbon 121
6.4.2 Ceramics 121
6.4.3 Lipids 122
6.4.4 Metal 123
6.4.5 Polymers 124
6.5 Emerging Technologies 125
6.6 Summary and Conclusions 128
References 128
7 Nano-engineering Nanoparticles for Clinical Use in the Central Nervous System: Clinically Applicable Nanoparticles and Their Potential Uses in the Diagnosis and Treatment of CNS Aliments 134
7.1 Introduction 135
7.1.1 The Blood–Brain Barrier: A Physiological Barrier to Treatment 135
7.1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Delivery 136
7.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 138
7.2.1 Poly(Butyl cyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles 139
7.2.2 Poly(Lactic-Co-glycolic Acid)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanoparticles 140
7.2.3 Carbon Quantum Dots 142
7.2.4 Liposomes 142
7.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 146
7.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles 146
7.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles 148
7.3.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 149
7.4 Concluding Remarks 150
References 151
8 Nanoparticles for Cornea Therapeutic Applications: Treating Herpes Simplex Viral Infections 155
8.1 Introduction 155
8.2 Herpes Simplex Virus and Eye Infections 156
8.3 History of Encapsulation of Acyclovir in the Eye 158
8.3.1 Liposomes 158
8.3.2 Chitosan 159
8.4 Ocular Nanoparticles for Nucleoside Analogues 159
8.4.1 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 159
8.4.2 Lipid Nanoparticles 161
8.5 Experimental Ocular Nanoparticles for Delivery of Nucleoside Alternatives 162
8.6 Ocular Nanoparticles for Herpes Vaccine Delivery 164
8.7 Outlook and Future Perspective 164
References 166
9 Therapeutic Use of Bioengineered Materials for Myocardial Infarction 169
9.1 Introduction 169
9.2 Cardiac Extracellular Matrix 170
9.3 Myocardial Infarction is Healed in Three Phases 171
9.3.1 The Inflammatory Phase 172
9.3.2 The Proliferative Phase 172
9.3.3 The Maturation Phase 173
9.4 Post-infarct Remodeling 173
9.5 Biomaterials for Treatment of Myocardial Infarction 174
9.5.1 Naturally Derived Materials 176
9.5.2 Synthetic Materials 187
9.6 Conclusions 190
References 190
10 Regulatory Normative of Nanomaterials for Their Use in Biomedicine 202
10.1 Nanomedicine’s Market and Disruptive Potential 202
10.2 Regulatory Normative in North America 203
10.3 Regulatory Normative in Europe 206
10.4 Regulatory Normative in Japan 208
10.5 Regulatory Normative in Emerging Countries 212
10.6 Concluding Remarks 213
References 213