Transportation Research (eBook)

Editorial 6
Introduction 6
CTRG 2017 7
Track I: Sustainable Transport 7
Track II: Transportation Modes, Planning and Demand Forecast 7
Track III: Traffic Systems Analysis 8
Track IV: Highway Materials and Pavement 8
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 10
About the Editors 17
Sustainable Transport 19
Comparative Study of Pedestrians’ Movement on Different Types of Pedestrian Sidewalks in Sikkim, Gangtok 20
1 Introduction 21
2 Literature Review 21
3 Data Collection and Analysis 22
3.1 Data Collection Sites 23
3.2 Data Extraction 23
4 Results of the Study 25
5 Conclusions 33
References 34
Real-Time Vehicular Air Quality Monitoring Using Sensing Technology for Chennai 35
1 Introduction 36
2 Literature Review 37
3 Air Quality Monitoring Instrument 37
4 Monitoring of Air Quality Using AQMI and Analysis 39
4.1 Analysis of Air Pollutants Monitored in Four Routes 42
4.2 Suggestions for Mitigation Measures 42
5 Conclusions 43
References 44
Assessing the Impact of Bus Arrival Rate on the Bus Lane Capacity: A Simulation-Based Approach 45
1 Introduction 46
2 Bus Lane Capacity Estimation Model 47
3 Methodology 49
3.1 Simulation Model Development 49
4 Results and Discussion 51
5 Conclusion and Future Work 52
References 53
A Local level Transit-Oriented Development Typology: Using Two-Step Clustering Technique 55
1 Introduction 56
1.1 TOD 56
1.2 TOD Influence Zone 56
1.3 Balance Between Transit Node and Place 57
1.4 Purpose of TOD Typology 58
1.5 Goals of TOD Typology 58
2 Need for the Study 59
3 Clustering Technique 59
3.1 Two-Step Clustering Technique 60
4 Study Area 60
5 Indexing and Analysis 60
5.1 Indexing 62
5.2 Clustering 63
6 Conclusions 64
References 65
Assessment of Induced Fuzziness in Passenger’s Perspective of Transit Service Quality: A Sustainable Approach for Indian Transit Scenario 67
1 Introduction 68
2 Study Methodology 69
2.1 Factor Analysis 69
2.2 Fuzzy Inference System 70
3 Study Area 71
4 Data Collection 72
5 Result and Discussion 73
5.1 Factor Analysis 73
5.2 Hierarchical Fuzzy Inference System 74
6 Conclusion 77
References 78
Comparative Analysis of Pedestrian Walking Speed on Sidewalk and Carriageway 80
1 Introduction 81
2 Review of Literature 81
3 Need of Study 82
4 Study Site and Data 83
5 Data Analysis 84
5.1 Speed Analysis with Respect to Direction of Traffic 89
6 Conclusion 90
7 Recommendation 90
References 90
Real-World Emissions from Diesel Passenger Cars During Peak and Off-Peak Periods 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Methodology 93
2.1 Study Area 93
2.2 Test Vehicles 94
2.3 Data Collection 94
2.4 Data Analysis 95
3 Results and Discussion 95
4 Conclusions 98
References 99
Candidate Driving Cycle Construction for Emission Estimation 100
1 Introduction and Background 101
2 Objectives of Research 102
3 Study Corridor and Data Collection 102
3.1 Study Corridor 102
4 Data Treatment Methodology 104
4.1 Driving Cycle Development Methodology Based on Micro-trip 104
4.2 RMSE (Root-Mean-Square Error) for Selecting Candidate Cycle 107
5 Results and Analysis 107
5.1 Candidate Driving Cycle 108
5.2 Emission Estimation 108
6 Conclusion 111
References 111
Effect of Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon Signal on Operational Performance Measures at the Mid-block Location and Adjacent Signalized Intersection 113
1 Introduction 114
2 Literature Review 114
3 Methodology 115
3.1 Study Area 116
3.2 Data Collection 116
3.3 Model Building 116
3.4 Model Calibration 117
3.5 Computation of Average Delay and Maximum Queue Length 118
3.6 Validation of Model 119
4 Results 120
5 Conclusions 124
References 125
Preference Contour Model for Traffic Planning and Management of Tourist Place in Andaman and Nicobar Islands 126
1 Introduction 127
2 Study Area Details 128
3 Preference Contour Analysis 130
4 MIS for Traffic Planning and Management 134
5 Conclusion 135
References 136
Comparative Study of Legal and Illegal On-Street Parking Behaviour in CBD Area—A Case Study of Surat City 137
1 Introduction 138
2 Review of the Literature 138
3 Study Site and Data 139
3.1 On-Street Parking Scenario 140
3.2 Methodology of Data Collection 141
4 Data Analysis 141
4.1 Percentage Repetition of Parked Vehicles 144
4.2 Parking Efficiency 147
5 Conclusion and Discussion 147
6 Recommendation 148
References 148
On-Street Parking Demand Assessment in CBD Area Using Different Data Frequency 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Review of Literature 150
3 Need and Objectives of the Study 151
4 Study Area and Data 152
4.1 Study Area 152
4.2 Data Collection Methodology 153
5 Data Analysis 154
5.1 Observed Demand and Percentage of Unique Parked Vehicles 154
5.2 Percentage Repetition of Parked Vehicles (PRV) 156
5.3 Turnover 160
6 Conclusion 161
References 161
Comparative Study of Pedestrian Critical Gap Estimation Methods at Unsignalized Midblock Crosswalks 163
1 Introduction 164
2 Study Area and Data Collection Methodology 165
3 Analysis of Critical Gaps 167
4 Critical Gap (CG) Estimation Methods and Results 168
4.1 Raff Method 168
4.2 Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) 169
4.3 Root-Mean-Square Method (RMS) 170
4.4 Probability Equilibrium Method (PEM) 171
4.5 Logit Model 172
5 Comparison of CG Results by Different Methods 174
6 Conclusions 177
References 178
Modeling on-Street Parking Scenario and Response to Paid Parking Policy Using Statistical Techniques for CBD Area of Vadodara City 180
1 Introduction 181
2 Need and Objectives of Study 182
3 Study Area 182
3.1 Study Site and on-Street Parking Scenario 183
4 Data Collection 183
5 Data Analysis 185
5.1 On-Street Parking Demand Assessment 186
6 Modeling on-Street Parking Responses 188
7 Multinominal Logit Model 188
8 Finding and Conclusion 188
References 194
Optimum Point of Intersection Selection in Horizontal Highway Alignment Design: A Comparative Study Using Path Planner Method and Ant Algorithm 195
1 Introduction 196
2 Horizontal Highway Alignment Optimization Models 197
3 Horizontal Alignment Cost 198
4 Objective 199
5 Path Planner Method (PPM) 200
5.1 Methodology 200
6 Ant Algorithm 202
7 Case Studies 203
7.1 Case 1 204
7.2 Case 2 205
8 Summary 207
References 208
Studies on Importance and Design Needs for Non-motorized Trips—A Review 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Importance of Non-motorized Trips 212
3 Factors Influencing Non-motorized Trips 212
4 Design Needs for Non-motorized Trips 214
5 Research Gaps 217
6 Conclusions 218
References 219
GIS Based Road Connectivity Evaluation Using Graph Theory 222
1 Introduction 223
2 Network Parameters 223
3 Methodology 225
4 Analysis and Results 226
5 Conclusion 234
References 234
Transportation Modes, Planning and Demand Forecast 236
Estimating Modal Shift of Home-Based Work Trips Due to the Development of Kochi Metro and Reduction in Fuel Consumption and Emissions 237
1 Introduction 238
2 Objectives 238
3 Methodology 239
4 Data Collection and Analysis 240
5 Model Development 241
5.1 Binary Logit Model to Predict the Overall Shift from Present Mode to Metro 241
5.2 Binary Logit Model to Predict the Shift from the Bus Users to Metro 243
5.3 Binary Logit Model to Predict the Shift from the Two-Wheeler Users to Metro 244
5.4 Elasticity and Scenario Analysis 246
5.5 Fuel Savings and Emission Analysis 247
6 Summary and Conclusions 248
References 250
Analysis of Travel Time Expenditure of School-Going Children 251
1 Introduction 252
2 Review of Related Works 253
2.1 Children’s Travel Behaviour 253
2.2 Travel Time Budget 253
3 Data and Methods 254
3.1 Data Source 254
3.2 Modelling Method 254
4 Empirical Results 255
4.1 Planning Implications 258
5 Summary and Conclusions 258
References 259
Activity-Based Travel Demand Models to Evaluate Transport Policies 261
1 Introduction 262
2 Methodology 263
3 Primary Data Analysis 263
3.1 Trip Generation Analysis 265
3.2 Modal Split Analysis 265
3.3 Trip Distribution Analysis 266
3.4 Trip Assignment Analysis 267
3.5 Economic Evaluation (Value of Travel Time Savings) 267
4 Transport Policy Evaluation 268
5 Conclusions 270
References 270
Financial Feasibility Analysis of Truck Parking Terminal—A Case Study 271
1 Introduction 272
1.1 Construction Cost (Fixed Cost) 272
1.2 Maintenance Cost (Variable Cost) 273
2 Methodology 273
2.1 Based on 16% of Construction Cost Benefit as Desired by KPT 273
2.2 Based on Assumed Rates of User Charges 273
3 Financial Analysis of Truck Terminal Parking 274
4 Conclusion 278
References 282
Walking and Bicycling to School—Understanding the Impact of Socio-economic Factors and Built Environment 283
1 Introduction 284
2 Literature Review 284
3 The Change in a Generation 285
4 Mode Choice Modelling 286
4.1 Study Area and Data Collection 286
4.2 Model Formation 287
4.3 Model Fitting Information and Likelihood Tests 287
4.4 Simple Descriptive Statistics 288
4.5 Parameter Estimates and Results 289
5 Analysis Related to Built Environment 291
6 Recommendations and Conclusion 291
References 293
The Effects of Mixed Land Use on the Household Travel Behavior: A Case Study of Agartala, Tripura 294
1 Introduction 295
2 Study Area and Data Collection 296
3 Mixed Land Use Analysis in the Study Area 297
3.1 Entropy Index 298
3.2 Dissimilarity Index 299
3.3 Modified Dissimilarity Index 300
3.4 Mix-Type Index 301
4 Effects of Compact Development on Household Travel Behavior 302
5 Result and Discussions 302
6 Conclusions 304
References 305
Private University Students’ Mode Choice Behaviour for Travel to University: Analysis in the Context of Dhaka City 306
1 Introduction 306
2 Literature Review 307
3 Survey Design 308
3.1 Overview of Survey 308
3.2 Survey Design and Implementation Strategy 308
4 Exploratory Analyses of Survey Data 309
4.1 Demographic Characteristics 309
4.2 Relationship of Modal Share with Gender and Monthly Expense 309
5 Factors to Choose Different Modes 311
6 Overview of Multinomial Logit (MNL) Choice Model 312
6.1 Model Choice Set 312
6.2 Significant Attributes 312
6.3 Discussion on Estimated Coefficients 313
7 Elasticity Values of Different Attributes 315
7.1 Elasticity of Cost 315
7.2 Elasticity of Total Time 315
7.3 Elasticity of Comfort 316
8 Conclusions and Recommendations 316
References 317
Understanding and Quantifying Delays in Accessing ICD, Nagpur 318
1 Introduction 319
2 Literature Support 320
2.1 Travel Survey Methodology 320
2.2 Travel Survey Questionnaire 320
3 Study Area 320
4 Data Collection 320
4.1 Survey Methodology 321
4.2 Survey Questionnaire 321
4.3 Video Graphical Data Collection 322
4.4 Photographical Data Collection 322
4.5 GPS-Based Data Collection 323
5 Data Analysis 323
5.1 Analysis of Distance Versus Speed Graph 324
5.2 Analysis of Distance Versus Journey Time Graph 324
5.3 Analysis from Video Recording 325
5.4 Analysis from Questionnaire Responses 325
5.5 Analysis of Factors Responsible for Delays on Study Routes 325
6 Conclusion 329
6.1 Implications of This Research 329
6.2 Future Scope 330
References 330
Household Structure and the Travel Pattern of Senior Citizens for Leisure Trips 331
1 Introduction 331
2 Literature Review 332
2.1 Mode Choice and Family Structure 332
2.2 Trip Length and Family Structure 333
2.3 Research Design 334
3 Data Collection 334
3.1 Methods 334
4 Preliminary Analysis 335
5 Model Development—Trip Length 337
5.1 Trip Length—Retiree Family 337
5.2 Trip Length—Adult Family 337
5.3 Trip Length—Extended Family 339
6 Multinomial Logit Model—Choice of Mode 342
6.1 Mode Choice—Retiree Family 342
6.2 Mode Choice—Extended Family 343
6.3 Mode Choice—Adult Family 344
7 Results and Discussion 344
8 Conclusion 345
References 345
Traffic Systems Analysis 347
Application of Queuing Theory to a Toll Plaza-A Case Study 348
1 Introduction 349
2 Road Inventory 350
2.1 Traffic Volume 350
2.2 Space-mean Speed 351
2.3 Time Headway 352
2.4 Arrival Rate 352
2.5 Service Rate 353
3 Analysis of Field Data 356
3.1 Utilization Factor 356
4 Discussions 358
5 Conclusions 359
References 359
A Hierarchical Modeling Approach to Predict Pedestrian Crash Severity 360
1 Introduction 361
2 Literature Review 362
3 Study Area 362
4 Data Collection 363
5 Database Preparation 363
5.1 Response and Explanatory Variables 363
5.2 Site Characteristics 365
5.3 Crash Characteristics 365
5.4 Pedestrian Characteristics 367
5.5 Environmental Characteristics 367
6 Crash Data Analysis and Modeling 367
7 Results 368
8 Conclusion 368
References 370
Modelling Operating Speeds for Multilane Divided Highways 372
1 Introduction 373
2 Literature Review 374
3 Study Sites 376
4 Data Details 376
5 Model Development 377
6 Model Validation 378
7 Conclusion 379
References 379
A New Model to Evaluate Percent-Time-Spent-Following on Two-Lane Highways 381
1 Introduction 382
2 Background 382
3 Collection of Field Data 383
4 Results and Discussions 383
5 Calculation of Headways 385
6 Estimation of Flow Characteristics 385
6.1 Relationship Between Speed and Flow 385
6.2 Relationship Between Traffic Intensity and Volume 386
6.3 Relationship Between Freedom of Flow and Flow 386
7 Estimation of PTSF 387
8 Results Comparison 390
References 391
Analysis of Vehicular Pedestrian Interaction at Urban Undesignated Mid-block Sections 392
1 Introduction 392
2 Literature Review 394
3 Research Methodology 395
3.1 Data Collection 395
3.2 Data Extraction 396
4 Development of Mathematical Model 396
5 Sensitivity Analysis 400
5.1 Base Section 401
5.2 Friction Section 402
6 Model Validation 407
7 Conclusion 409
References 409
Study of Effect of On-Street Parking on Traffic Capacity 411
1 Introduction 412
2 Objectives 413
3 Methodology 413
4 Data 414
5 Results and Discussion 415
5.1 Percentage Occupancy and Capacity for Bhubaneswar 417
5.2 Percentage Occupancy and Capacity for Patna 418
6 Conclusions 418
References 419
Travel Time Reliability Measure and Level of Service Criteria for Urban Midblock 420
1 Introduction 420
2 Measurements of Travel Time Reliability and Level of Service on Urban Roads 421
3 Study Area 422
4 Data Description 423
5 Reliability Measure of Urban Midblock 424
6 Model Development 425
7 Model Application 426
8 Level of Service Criteria Developments 426
9 Conclusions 427
References 428
Modelling Dynamic PCUs Using Occupancy Time Approach at Urban Signalised Intersections Under Mixed Traffic Conditions 429
1 Introduction 429
2 Methodology 430
2.1 Time Occupancy Method 430
2.2 PCU Models 431
3 Data Collection 431
4 Data Analysis 432
5 Developments of PCU Models 433
5.1 Variations of PCUs 435
6 Stream Equivalency Factor 437
7 Conclusions 438
References 439
Estimating Environmental Benefits of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) 440
1 Background 440
2 Methodology 442
2.1 Emissions Due to Manual Toll Collection 442
2.2 Emissions Due to Electronic Toll Collection 443
3 Data Collection 444
4 Data Analysis 445
4.1 Emissions in MTC Lane 445
4.2 Emissions in ETC Lane 445
4.3 Use Rate of ETC Versus Reduction in Emission 447
4.4 Findings and Discussion 449
5 Conclusion 449
6 Future Work 450
References 450
Strategy to Reduce Queuing Time at Toll Plaza 452
1 Introduction 453
2 Literature Study 453
3 Data Collection 455
4 Assumptions 456
5 Optimization of Queue Length and Toll Servers 456
6 Model Analysis 459
6.1 Calculations for Morning Peak Period (8:00–10:30 a.m.) 459
6.2 Calculations for Evening Peak Period (5:30–8:30 a.m.) 460
7 Results and Discussion 462
8 Conclusion 463
References 463
Estimation of Dynamic Equivalency Factor Under Heterogeneous Traffic Condition on Urban Arterial Road—A Case Study of Porbandar City 464
1 Introduction 464
2 Literature Review 465
3 Data Collection 466
4 Methods for Estimation of DEF Values 467
5 Data Analysis 468
5.1 Chhaya Road 468
5.2 M.G Road 470
5.3 S.V.P Road 471
6 Conclusions 473
References 473
Urban Corridor Travel Time Estimation Modelling Using Fuzzy Logic Technique: A Case Study of Indian Metropolitan City 474
1 Introduction 474
2 Travel Time: Research Overview 475
3 Travel Time Factors 476
4 Study Area and Field Studies 477
4.1 Corridor Location 477
4.2 Field Studies 478
5 Data Analysis 480
5.1 Traffic Volume 480
5.2 Traffic Composition 480
5.3 Roadside Friction (RSF) 481
5.4 Intersection Factor (IF) 481
5.5 Travel Time Studies 483
6 Development Fuzzy Rule-based Travel Time Model (FRB–TTM) 483
6.1 Fuzzification 484
6.2 Fuzzy Inference System 485
6.3 Defuzzification 486
6.4 Measurement of Model Effectiveness and Validation 487
7 Conclusion 487
References 488
Application of Accident Analysis and Modeling Tool—Pilot Study for Sadashivanagar Area of Bangalore 490
1 Introduction 491
2 Literature Review 492
3 Methodology 493
4 Safety Tool Approach 493
4.1 Working with Accidents 493
4.2 Assigning Black Spots 496
4.3 Tool’s Accident Prediction Model 496
5 Statistical Approach 498
5.1 Model Comparison 499
6 Summary and Conclusion 500
7 Further Research Work 500
References 500
Applicability of Unconventional Intersection Designs Over Pretimed Signalized Intersection Design Along a Coordinated Corridor 501
1 Introduction 502
2 Methodology 503
2.1 Build and Calibrate the Study Corridor Using Synchro/SimTraffic 503
2.2 Identify Underperforming Signalized Intersections Along the Corridor 504
2.3 Convert the Underperforming Signalized Intersections to Unconventional Intersection Designs 505
2.4 Compare the Performance of Conventional and Unconventional Intersection Designs at Intersection and Corridor Level 506
3 Results 506
3.1 Simulation Model and Validations 507
3.2 Comparison of Existing Signalized Intersection and Unconventional Intersections 508
3.3 LOS for Existing Signalized Intersections 508
3.4 Unconventional Intersections 510
4 Conclusions 512
References 514
Evaluating the Influence of a Freeway Capacity Improvement Project on Travel Time-Based Performance Measures Within Its Vicinity 515
1 Introduction 516
2 Literature Review 516
3 Study Area and Data 517
4 Methodology 518
5 Results 519
5.1 Effect of Capacity Improvement Project During the Construction Period 519
5.2 Effect of Capacity Improvement Project After the Construction Period 523
6 Conclusions 527
References 528
Assessment of Walkability and Pedestrian Level of Service in Two Cities of Kerala 530
1 Introduction 530
2 Methodology 531
3 Pedestrian Level of Service 531
4 Data Collection 532
4.1 Road Inventory 532
4.2 Pedestrian Volume 533
4.3 Pedestrian Opinion Survey 533
5 Determination of Walkability Index 534
6 Statistical Analysis 535
6.1 Factor Analysis 537
7 Linear Regression 539
8 Conclusion 540
References 541
Gap Acceptance Behaviour of Vehicles at Unsignalized Intersection in Urban Area 542
1 Introduction 543
2 Concept of Critical Gap 543
3 Study Area 544
4 Data Collection and Extraction 545
5 Estimations Critical Gap by Various Methods 545
5.1 Raff’s Method 545
5.2 Logit Method 546
5.3 Probability Equilibrium Method 547
6 Analysis of Data and Results 547
6.1 Analysis by Raff’s Method 548
6.2 Analysis by Logit Method 549
6.3 Analysis by Probability Equilibrium Method (PEM) 550
7 Comparison of Critical Gaps 551
8 Discussion and Conclusion 551
References 552
Modelling Queuing of Vehicles at Signalized Intersection 554
1 Introduction 555
2 Review of Literature 555
3 Study Area and Data 556
4 Data Analysis 557
4.1 Effect of Heavy Vehicles 558
4.2 Modelling of Queue 560
5 Conclusions 561
References 561
Development of Consistency Evaluation Criteria for Indian Two-Lane Rural Highways 563
1 Introduction 564
2 Methodology 565
2.1 Data Collection and Processing 565
2.2 Development of Alignment Indices 567
2.3 Preliminary Analysis 567
2.4 Development of Regression Models 567
2.5 Development of Safety Evaluation Criteria 570
3 Conclusions 572
4 Future Scope 572
References 572
Effect of Shoulder Width on Traffic Flow Parameters on Two-Lane Undivided Roads 574
1 Background 575
2 Study Site and Data Collection 576
3 Traffic Composition on Study Sections 578
4 Speed Distribution 579
5 PCU Calculations 579
6 Macroscopic Speed–Flow Relationships 579
7 LOS Thresholds for Study Sections 582
8 Conclusion 582
References 584
Estimation of Saturation Flow at Signalized Intersections Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions 585
1 Background 586
2 Study Section and Methodology 588
3 Data Collection 589
3.1 Data Extraction and Processing 590
3.2 Analysis of the Extracted Data 590
4 Measurement of PCU and Saturation Flow 591
4.1 Headway Method 592
4.2 Optimization Technique 593
5 Development of VISSIM Model and Saturation Flow Model 595
5.1 VISSIM Modeling 595
5.2 Calibration of VISSIM Model 596
5.3 Validation of VISSIM Model 597
5.4 Saturation Flow Prediction Model 597
6 Summary and Conclusions 598
References 599
Evaluation of Centre Line Marking on Driver Behaviour 600
1 Introduction 601
2 Methodology Adopted for the Study 603
3 Data Analysis and Results 603
3.1 Conflict Probability 604
3.2 Traffic Distribution 606
3.3 Scatter Plot Analysis 606
3.4 ANOVA Test 608
3.5 Modelling 608
4 Conclusions 611
References 611
Critical Appraisal of Traffic Management Strategies for a Mega Religious Procession: Case of NH-58 During Kanwar Yatra, India 613
1 Introduction 614
1.1 Area of Study 614
1.2 Need for Diagnosing Traffic Issues During Kanwar Yatra 614
1.3 Objective of Study 615
1.4 Scope of Work 615
2 Methodology 616
2.1 Secondary Data 616
2.2 Primary Data 616
3 Discussion 618
3.1 Origin-Destination Survey Results 618
4 Public Opinion Survey Results 619
4.1 Priority Wise List of Parameters of Route Choice 619
4.2 Results from Interview of Other Stakeholders and Ethnographic Study 620
5 Guidelines Derived from the Study for a Mega Religious Procession 622
5.1 Identification of Alternate Routes Based on Route Choice Parameters 622
5.2 Infrastructure Needed to Make the Roads More Inviting 623
5.3 Assigning the Alternate Route: An Example from NH-58 Section as Per the Guidelines Above 624
5.4 Guidelines for Administration and Decision-Making 625
6 Way Ahead 626
7 Conclusion 627
References 627
Pedestrian Accident Prediction Modelling—A Case Study in Thiruvananthapuram City 629
1 Introduction 629
2 Scope and Objectives 630
3 Earlier Studies on Pedestrian Accidents 630
4 Methodology 631
5 Analysis and Modelling 633
5.1 Development of Prediction Models 633
5.2 Model Validation 634
6 Strategies for Improving Pedestrian Safety 634
7 Conclusions 636
References 636
Understanding Driver Behavior at Intersection for Mixed Traffic Conditions Using Questionnaire Survey 638
1 Introduction 639
2 Methodology 641
2.1 Identification of Locations for Survey 641
2.2 Questionnaire Development 642
2.3 Data Collection from Sample Participants 642
2.4 Statistical Analysis of Driver Data 643
3 Descriptive Analysis 644
4 Results and Discussion 647
4.1 Reliability Analysis 647
4.2 Chi-Square Test 647
5 Conclusion 650
References 651
Vehicle Category-Wise Service Time Analysis at Tollbooths Under Mixed Traffic Scenario 653
1 Introduction 653
2 Literature Review 654
3 Research Methodology 655
4 Data Collection 655
5 Analysis of Field Data 656
5.1 Service Time Analysis 657
6 Model Validation 662
7 Conclusion 662
References 663
Evaluation of Traffic Congestion Parameters Under Heterogeneous Traffic Condition: A Case Study on Bhubaneswar City 664
1 Introduction 665
1.1 Objectives of the Study 666
2 Techniques to Measure Travel Time 666
2.1 Congestion Indices 666
3 Methodology 667
4 Data Collection and Analysis 668
5 Travel Time Modeling 668
5.1 Modeling Approach 669
5.2 Model Parameters 670
5.3 Model Estimation 670
5.4 Model Validation 670
6 Conclusions 671
7 Recommendations 672
References 672
Driver Behavior as Affected by Static Objects: A Naturalistic Driving Approach 674
1 Introduction 674
2 Literature Review 675
3 Objective 676
4 Method 676
5 Analysis 677
6 Results 678
6.1 Hypothesis 1 678
6.2 Hypothesis 2 682
7 Conclusion 686
References 687
Development of a Model for Heterogeneous Traffic Simulation 688
1 Introduction 688
2 The Proposed Model 690
2.1 Cell Size 690
2.2 Actual Gap (Ga), Perceived Gap (Gp) and Buffer (B) 690
2.3 Updating Procedure 691
3 Results 692
4 Model Validation 694
5 Conclusion 694
References 695
Highway Materials and Pavement 696
Resource Mapping of Highway Materials Along with Their Characteristic Properties and Desirability 697
1 Introduction 698
2 Scope and Objectives 699
3 Study Area 699
4 Methodology 700
4.1 Collection of Samples 700
4.2 Laboratory Tests 702
5 Analysis and Results 702
6 Summary and Conclusions 710
7 Scope for Further Research 711
References 711
Understanding Effects of Crushing Mechanism on Aggregate Morphology Using AIMS 712
1 Introduction 713
2 Objective of Study 714
3 Materials and Methodology 714
3.1 Measurement of Aggregate Shapes Using Aims 714
3.2 Performance Tests 714
4 Results and Discussion 716
4.1 Aggregate Shape Properties 716
4.2 Performance Analysis 719
5 Conclusions 721
References 721
Effect of Gradation of Fine Aggregates on Creep Deformation of Fine Aggregate Mix (FAM) and Asphalt Mix 723
1 Introduction 723
2 Experimental Studies 724
2.1 Sample Preparation 725
3 Conclusions 730
References 730
Warm Mix Asphalt—A Comprehensive Case Study 732
1 Introduction 733
1.1 Literature Survey of WMA 733
2 Materials Used 734
3 Laboratory Work 736
4 Indirect Tensile Strength 737
5 Conclusions 739
References 740
The Effect of Using Acid-Modified Mixes on Performance of Asphalt Concrete 741
1 Introduction 742
1.1 Bitumen Modification with PPA 743
1.2 Objectives of the Present Study 743
2 Literature Review 743
3 Methodology 744
4 Experimental Programme 745
4.1 Materials 745
4.2 Sample Mix Preparations 745
4.3 Indirect Tensile Test (IDT) 746
4.4 Repeated Load Test 747
4.5 Immersion-Type Wheel Rutting Test 747
5 Experimental Results 747
5.1 Marshall Properties 748
5.2 Indirect Tensile Strength Properties 749
5.3 Resilient Modulus 749
5.4 Rutting Characteristics 752
6 Conclusion 752
References 753
The Effect of Model Uncertainty on the Reliability of Asphalt Pavements 755
1 Background 755
2 Reliability Theory 757
2.1 Monte Carlo Simulation Approach 758
2.2 Strain Transfer Functions 759
2.3 Model Uncertainty 759
2.4 Details of Design Traffic and Pavement Sections 760
2.5 Variability of Input Design Parameters 761
2.6 Calculation of Failure Probabilities 761
3 Conclusions 763
References 764
Investigation on Rutting Performance of Gap-Graded Asphalt Mixtures: Study on Aggregate Gradation 765
1 Introduction 766
2 Materials and Experimental Program 766
3 Factorial Design—ANOVA 768
3.1 Main Effect 769
3.2 Interaction Effect 770
4 Rutting Performance Analyzes 771
4.1 Comparative Evaluation of Rutting 771
4.2 Deformation History 772
4.3 Deformation at Various Stages 773
5 Conclusions 773
References 774
Performance Characteristic Evaluation of Asphalt Mixes with Plastic Coated Aggregates 776
1 Introduction 777
2 Materials and Sample Preparation 778
3 Selection of Mixture 779
4 Experimental Investigation 781
4.1 Retained Stability 781
4.2 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) 782
5 Conclusions 784
References 785
Effect of Non-uniform Soil Subgrade on Critical Stresses in Concrete Pavement 787
1 Introduction 787
2 Critical Stresses in Concrete Pavement 788
3 Study of Variation in Subgrade Strength 789
4 Validation of FE Model 792
5 Effect of Uniform and Non-uniform Subgrade 795
6 Observations and Conclusions 798
References 798
Comparative Study on Rheological Properties of Coir Fiber and Coir Powder Modified Bitumen 800
1 Introduction 801
2 Objective 802
3 Materials and Methods 802
4 Results and Discussion 802
4.1 Rheological Properties of Modified Binders 802
5 Conclusion 808
References 809
Calibration of M-E PDG Rutting Model for Indian Conditions 810
1 Introduction 810
2 Estimation of M-E PDG Calibration Coefficients 812
2.1 Identification of Secondary Stage 812
2.2 Experimental Investigations 813
2.3 Estimation of Material-Specific Coefficients 814
2.4 M-E PDG Simulations 815
3 Results and Discussions 817
4 Conclusions 821
References 821
Development of Fatigue Model for Warm Mix Asphalt Based on Testing Frequency and Post-processing Method 823
1 Introduction 823
2 Experimental Investigations 825
2.1 Materials 825
2.2 Testing 825
3 Analysis of Fatigue Test Data 826
3.1 Determination of Fatigue Life 826
3.2 S-N Plot 831
3.3 Determination of Calibration Factors 832
4 Conclusions 834
5 Limitations and Scope for Future Study 834
References 835
Influence of Aggregate Gradation on Laboratory Rutting Performance of Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures 836
1 Introduction 836
2 Design of Aggregate Gradation Using Particle Packing 838
3 Materials 838
4 Determination of Optimal Packing Blend 839
5 Results and Discussion 842
5.1 Sample Preparation and Testing Methodology 842
5.2 Rut Wheel Test Results 843
6 Conclusion 845
References 846
A Study on Permeability Characteristics of Asphalt Pavements 847
1 Introduction 848
2 Research Objectives 849
3 Methodology 849
3.1 Field Permeability Evaluation 851
3.2 Laboratory Permeability Evaluation 852
3.3 Evaluation of Air Voids 853
4 Results and Discussion 853
4.1 Transverse Variation of Field and Lab (Core) Permeability 853
4.2 Field, Lab (Core) and Lab (Compacted) Permeability Comparisons 855
4.3 Permeability–Air Voids Relationships 857
5 Conclusions 859
References 859
Characterization of Colloidal Stability of Blended Bitumen 861
1 Introduction 862
2 Experimental Investigation 864
2.1 Materials 864
2.2 Blend Preparation 864
2.3 Turbidimetric Titration with Automated Flocculation Titrimeter 865
2.4 Rheological Characterization of Blends 867
3 Results and Discussion 867
3.1 Calculation of Compatibility Parameters 868
4 Conclusion 871
References 872
An Investigation on Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures 873
1 Introduction 874
2 Experimental Investigations 875
2.1 Materials 875
2.2 Sample Preparation 875
2.3 Test Procedure 875
2.4 Post-processing 877
3 Analysis of Experimental Data 879
3.1 Instantaneous Resilient Modulus 879
3.2 Total Resilient Modulus 879
3.3 Total Resilient Modulus Calculated Using an Assumed Poisson's Ratio 880
4 Comparison of Experimental Results with IRC:37-2012 881
5 Conclusions 881
References 883