Traffic and Granular Flow '17 (eBook)

Preface 5
International Scientific Committee 7
Contents 9
Contributors 14
Part I Roadway Vehicular Flow: Data Collection, Modeling and Simulation 22
Exact Formula of Time-Headway Distribution for TASEP with Random-Sequential Update 23
1 Introduction 23
2 Model Definition 24
3 Time-Headway Distribution 25
4 Calculation for Random-Sequential Update 26
5 Conclusions 29
Appendix 29
References 30
Impact of Next-Nearest Leading Vehicles on Followers' Driving Behaviours in Mixed Traffic 31
1 Introduction 31
2 Experiment 32
3 Driving and Vehicle Characteristics 33
4 Impact of Next-Nearest Leaders' Presence 34
5 Effective Factors of Next-Nearest Leaders 35
6 Conclusion 37
References 38
Higher-Order Continuum Model and Its Numerical Solutions for Heterogeneous Traffic Flow with Non-lane Discipline 39
1 Introduction 39
2 Development of New Dynamic Model 40
3 Mathematical Properties 42
4 Numerical Simulation 43
4.1 Shock and Rarefaction Waves 44
4.2 Perturbation 44
5 Conclusions 47
References 47
Static Traffic Assignment on Ensembles of Synthetic Road Networks 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Review of Static Traffic Assignment 49
3 Network Synthesis Model 50
4 Results 53
5 Conclusions 54
References 55
The Effect of Traffic Signals on the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram 56
1 Introduction 56
2 Methodology 58
2.1 Simulation Set-Up 58
2.2 Car-Following Parameters 58
2.3 Traffic Lights and Turn Fractions 59
2.4 Analyses 59
3 Results 60
4 Discussion 61
5 Conclusions 62
References 63
Braess Paradox in Networks of Stochastic Microscopic Traffic Models 64
1 Introduction 64
2 The Model 65
2.1 The Totally Asymmetric Exclusion Process 65
2.2 The Braess Network 66
2.3 Possible States in Our Networks 68
3 Results 69
4 Summary 70
References 71
Dynamical Universality Class of the Nagel–Schreckenberg and Related Models 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Dynamical Universality Classes 73
3 Nagel–Schreckenberg Model 76
3.1 Generalizations 77
4 Relaxation of Models 77
5 Summary and Conclusions 78
References 79
Prediction of Moving Bottleneck and Associated Traffic Phenomena for Automated Driving 80
1 Moving Bottleneck Scenario 80
2 Kerner–Klenov Simulation Model 81
3 Identification of Phase Transition Points 81
4 Reconstruction of the Moving Bottleneck Velocity 83
5 Statistical Analysis for Different Penetration Rates of Probe Vehicles 84
6 Results and Discussion 85
7 Outlook 86
References 87
F?S?F Transitions in Vehicle Probe Data 89
1 Introduction 89
1.1 Motivation to Study Speed Disturbances Before Traffic Breakdown 90
1.2 Background: Kerner's F?S Instability and F?S?F Transitions at Highway Bottlenecks 91
1.3 The Objective and Outline of This Paper 91
2 Floating Car Data and the Problem of Fine Spatiotemporal Analysis 92
2.1 Features of Empirical Single Vehicle Data Used in the Paper 92
3 Microscopic Empirical Features of F?S?F Transitions Before Traffic Breakdown 93
3.1 Benefits for ITS Applications 94
4 Conclusions 95
References 95
Microscopic Jam Tail Warning for Automated Driving 97
1 Introduction 97
1.1 Motivation 98
1.2 Outline of This Paper 98
1.3 Three-Phase Traffic Theory 99
1.3.1 Free Flow 99
1.3.2 Synchronized Flow 99
1.3.3 Wide Moving Jam 100
2 Identifying Traffic States from Empirical Microscopic Data 100
3 Microscopic State Transitions 101
3.1 Evaluation 101
4 Conclusions and Outlook 103
References 103
Study of Vehicle-Following Behavior Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions 105
1 Background 105
2 Study Sections 107
3 Identification of Following Pairs 108
4 Conclusions 112
5 Summary 112
References 113
Development of a Decision-Making Model for Merging Maneuvers: A Game Theoretical Approach 114
1 Introduction 114
2 Development of a Decision-Making Lane-Changing Model for Merging 115
2.1 Game Design 115
2.2 Payoff Functions in the Merging Decision-Making Game 116
2.2.1 Simplified Payoff Functions for the DS 117
2.2.2 Simplified Payoff Functions for the DL 117
3 Model Evaluation 118
3.1 Data Preparation 118
3.2 Classification of Driver's Actions 118
3.3 Model Evaluation 118
3.3.1 Model Calibration 118
3.3.2 Model Validation 119
4 Conclusions 122
References 122
Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram Validation for Collision Formation on Freeway Networks 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Background 125
3 Data 127
4 MFD Estimation and PCA Formulation 128
5 Results 129
6 Conclusions 132
References 133
Towards a More Stable Traffic Flow Performance: Applying and Calibrating the Intelligent Driver Model 134
1 Introduction 135
2 Literature Review 135
3 Methodology 136
4 Results 138
5 Conclusions 140
References 141
Numerical Comparison Between Traffic Flow Models with and Without Adaptation Behavior 142
1 Introduction 142
2 The Macroscopic Traffic Models 143
3 Comparison of the Models 144
4 Numerical Results and Concluding Remarks 145
References 147
A Game-Theoretic Approach for Minimizing Delays in Autonomous Intersections 148
1 Introduction 148
2 Definitions 149
3 Overview of Our Traffic Model 150
4 Correlated Equilibria in Independent Set Games 151
5 Independent Sets and Non-crossing Matchings 152
6 Experimental Results 154
7 Conclusion 155
References 156
Part II Pedestrian Traffic: Analytical and Empirical Studies 157
Empirical Evaluation of Crowds Using Automated Methods 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Empirical Evaluation of the Hajj 159
2.1 Velocity Extraction 159
2.2 Density Extraction 160
2.3 Perspective Correction 162
3 Temporal Study of the Hajj 162
4 Conclusions 164
References 165
Micro and Macro Pedestrian Dynamics in Counterflow: The Impact of Social Groups 166
1 Introduction 166
2 Description of Experiments 167
3 Data Analysis 168
3.1 Microscopic Analysis on Dyads 169
3.2 Effects of Dyads at a Macroscopic Scale 172
4 Conclusions and Future Works 173
References 173
Pedestrian Flow Through Complex Infrastructure, Experiments, and Mass-Transport Processes 174
1 Introduction 174
2 Experiments 176
3 Estimation Method 177
4 Observations 179
5 Summary and Conclusions 180
References 181
Mining the Social Media Data for a Bottom-Up Evaluation of Walkability 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Enabling Data 184
3 City Entities Identification 185
4 City Entities Characterization 186
5 Conclusions and Future Works 188
References 189
Experimental Investigation of Pedestrian Queuing Behaviour 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Experiment 193
3 Analysis Results 194
3.1 Bottleneck Capacity 194
3.2 Lateral Distribution of Pedestrian Queue 195
3.3 Spatial Distribution of Walking Speed 197
4 Conclusion 198
References 199
Safety Training Through Educational Online Computer Games on Crowd Evacuations? 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Methods 201
3 Results 204
4 Discussion and Outlook 206
References 207
Hybrid Tracking System for Pedestrians in Dense Crowds 208
1 Introduction 208
2 Hybrid Tracking System 210
2.1 IMU Tracking 210
2.2 Fusion of Camera and IMU Data 211
2.2.1 Merging the Datasets 211
2.2.2 Constraining the Drift 211
3 Results 213
4 Conclusion and Outlook 215
References 215
Investigating the Effect of Social Groups in Uni-directional Pedestrian Flow 217
1 Introduction 217
2 A Model for Group Cohesion 218
3 Calibration of the Group Behaviour 220
4 Validation at Basic Movement 221
5 Analysis of Group Influence on a Bottleneck Scenario 222
6 Conclusions 224
References 224
Towards Microscopic Calibration of Pedestrian Simulation Models Using Open Trajectory Datasets: The Case Study of the Edinburgh Informatics Forum 226
1 Introduction 227
2 Related Works 227
3 Methodology 228
4 Case Study 230
4.1 Selected Trajectories and Final Dataset 230
4.2 Model Specification and Calibration 231
4.3 Results 232
5 Discussion and Conclusion 233
References 233
Influence of Gender on the Fundamental Diagram and Gait Characteristics 235
1 Introduction 236
2 Experiments and Methods 237
3 Results and Discussions 238
4 Conclusions 241
References 243
Evaluation of Pedestrian Density Distribution with Respect to the Velocity Response 245
1 Introduction 245
2 Definitions 246
3 Analysis 247
4 Conclusions 251
References 252
Using Raspberry Pi for Measuring Pedestrian Visiting Patterns via WiFi-Signals in Uncontrolled Field Studies 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Related Work 255
3 Methodology 256
3.1 Device Assembly 257
3.2 Use in Uncontrolled Field Studies 258
3.3 Post-processing 259
3.4 Strategic Model Validation 259
4 Accuracy Discussion 260
5 Conclusion 261
References 261
Group Parameters for Social Groups in Evacuation Scenarios 263
1 Introduction 263
2 The Group Parameters 264
2.1 Centre of Mass 264
2.2 Shape of a Social Group 265
2.3 Orientation of a Social Group 265
3 Empirical Study 266
3.1 Mean Velocity of the Centre of Mass 266
3.2 Mean Aspect Ratio of the Minimal Area Ellipse 266
3.3 Mean Normalized Area of the Minimal Area Ellipse 268
3.4 Orientation 268
4 Conclusion 270
References 270
Simulating Assisted Evacuation Using Unity3D 272
1 Introduction 273
2 Background 273
2.1 Evacuation Models 274
2.2 Assisted Evacuation Modelling 275
3 Methodology 275
4 Explicit Assisted Evacuation Sub-model 276
4.1 Agents Type 276
4.2 Transportation Devices 277
4.3 Assisted Evacuation Algorithms 277
5 Case Study 279
6 Results 280
7 Conclusions and Outlooks 280
References 281
An Application of New Pedestrian Tracking Sensors for Evaluating Platform Safety Risks at Swiss and Dutch Train Stations 283
1 Introduction 284
2 Path Data Quality Definition 285
3 Experiment Setup 286
4 Results 288
5 Conclusions 290
References 292
Influence of Pedestrian Density on the Use of the Danger Zone at Platforms of Train Stations 293
1 Introduction 294
1.1 Background and Importance 294
1.2 Assumptions 295
1.3 Hypotheses 295
2 Methodology 296
2.1 Description of Datasets 296
2.2 Description of Data Analysis 296
3 Results 297
3.1 Sensor Data 297
3.2 Survey 300
4 Conclusion 300
5 Discussion 300
5.1 Practical Use for Station Planning 300
5.2 Further Research 301
References 301
Detecting Competitive Behaviors in Conflicts 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Cellular-Automata Floor-Field Model with Normal and Aggressive Agents 304
2.1 Static Floor Field and Update Rule 304
2.2 Conflict 305
2.3 Normal Agents and Aggressive Agents 306
3 Total Egress Time and Egress Time Ratio 307
4 Method for Detecting Aggressive Agents 308
5 Evolution of Accuracy of the Detecting Method 309
6 Summary 310
References 310
Towards Faster Navigation Algorithms on Floor Fields 312
1 Introduction 312
2 An Efficient Implementation of DistMesh 313
3 The Fast Marching Method on Unstructured Meshes 316
4 Performance 317
5 Conclusion and Future Work 318
References 320
Automated Quality Assessment of Space-Continuous Models for Pedestrian Dynamics 321
1 Introduction 321
2 Verification and Validation Tests 322
3 Methodology 324
3.1 Comparison of Two Data-Clouds 324
3.2 Validity Factor 325
4 Results 326
5 Discussion and Conclusions 327
References 328
Prediction of Pedestrian Speed with Artificial Neural Networks 330
1 Introduction 330
2 Models 332
3 Data 333
4 Fitting the Neural Network 334
5 Model Comparison 335
6 Conclusion 336
References 337
Noise-Induced Stop-and-Go Dynamics 339
1 Introduction 339
2 Definition of the Stochastic Model 340
3 Numerical Experiments 342
4 Discussion 344
References 345
Evacuation Simulation and Experiment Without Exit Information 348
1 Introduction 348
2 Model 349
2.1 Basic Floor Field Model 349
2.2 Informed Evacuees (IEs) and Uninformed Evacuees (UEs) 350
2.3 Judgment Mark 350
2.3.1 Varieties of J Dropped by Evacuees 350
2.3.2 Amount of J Dropped by Evacuees 350
2.3.3 Target Exit and the Inference of Blocked Exits 351
2.4 Extended Floor Field Model 352
2.4.1 kmS and kD of Informed Evacuees (IEs) 352
2.4.2 kmS and kD of Uninformed Evacuees (UEs) 352
3 Evacuation Simulation Using Extended Floor Field Model and Experiment to Validate the Model 352
4 Results 353
4.1 When Informed Evacuees (IEs) Are Uniformly Distributed 353
4.2 When Informed Evacuees (IEs) Are NOT Uniformly Distributed 353
5 Conclusion 355
References 355
Fluctuations in Pedestrian Evacuation Times: Going One Step Beyond the Exit Capacity Paradigm for Bottlenecks 357
1 Introduction 357
2 Beyond the Mean Exit Capacity: Fluctuations 358
2.1 Importance of Fluctuations 358
2.2 Origins of the Fluctuations 359
3 A Practical Method to Assess Statistical Fluctuations 360
3.1 Distribution of Time Gaps Between Successive Egresses 360
3.2 Micro-Macro Relation 360
3.3 Caveats and Possible Issues 361
4 Validity and Limits of the Micro-Macro Relation 361
4.1 Succinct Description of the Model 362
4.2 Validation of the Micro-Macro Relation 362
4.3 Limits to the Validity 363
4.4 Conclusion 363
References 364
Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram for Train Platforms 365
1 Introduction 365
2 Experimental Design 366
3 Methodology 367
4 Results 369
5 Conclusions 371
References 372
Towards Safer Pedestrian Traffic: Investigation of the Impact of Social Field Characteristic on Crowd Dynamics 373
1 Introduction 374
2 Methodology 374
2.1 The Basic Social Force Model 374
2.2 Tangential Force Module 376
2.3 Stopping Module 376
3 Results 377
4 Conclusion 379
References 380
Defining the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram 382
1 Introduction 382
2 Existing Definition of the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram 384
3 Aggregation Levels 384
3.1 Usage Based Classification 385
3.2 Model Based Classification 385
4 Defining of the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram 386
5 Stochastic Variations in the Fundamental Diagram 387
6 Conclusions 388
References 389
Part III From Individual Interactions to Complex Systems: Airplanes, Bicycles, Mixed Flow, Particles and Traveler Behavior 391
Simulating Ground Traffic on Airports Using Cellular Automata: The CAMAT-Model 392
1 Introduction 392
1.1 Cellular Automata Models (CA) 393
1.2 Duesseldorf Airport (EDDL) 393
2 The CAMAT-Model 393
3 Calibrating the CAMAT-Model 395
3.1 Concept of Collecting Data of Duesseldorf Airport 396
3.2 Comparison between Real-World Data and Simulation 396
4 Summary and Outlook 398
References 400
Investigating Passengers' Seating Behavior in Suburban Trains 401
1 Introduction 401
2 Field Observation 402
3 The Seating Model: Algorithm and Test 405
4 Conclusion 407
References 407
How Long Does It Take to Board an Airplane? 410
1 Introduction 411
2 Simulation Results and Analysis 412
3 A Test of Applicability and Final Conclusions 414
References 415
Assessment of Pedestrian Fatality Risk at Unsignalized Crosswalks by Means of Simulation 417
1 Introduction 418
2 Simulation Model 418
2.1 General Architecture and Motion Rules 418
2.2 Estimation of Collision Gravity 420
3 Results and Discussion 421
3.1 Driver's Attitude 421
3.2 Traffic Conditions 422
3.3 Distraction 423
4 Conclusions and Discussion 424
References 425
Algebraic and Geometric Aspects of Flow Modeling and Prospects of Natural Science Applications 426
1 Introduction: Complex Systems, Big Data, Supercomputers, and Mathematical Models 427
2 Complex Systems, Geometry of Supporter, and Movement Rules 427
3 Algebra of Complex Systems Models 428
4 Regular Networks and Qualitative Behavior of Local Flows 429
5 Rational Multipendulums 431
6 Cellular, BML Traffic Model and Processes on the Ring 432
7 Mathematical Problems and Application Prospects 433
References 434
Crossing Behaviour of Social Groups: Insights from Observations at Non-signalised Intersection 436
1 Introduction 436
2 Data Collection 438
3 Results 439
3.1 Traffic Volumes 439
3.2 Level of Service 439
3.3 Speeds and Crossing Phases 440
3.4 Accepted Safety Gap 441
4 Final Remarks 442
References 443
Modeling and Solving of Multiple Conflict Situations in Shared Spaces 444
1 Introduction 444
2 Background 445
3 Modeling Approach 446
3.1 Aggregation of Probabilities 447
3.2 Choice and Application of a Strategy 448
4 Application 449
5 Conclusions 450
References 451
Vibration Driven Vehicles Flowing Through Bottlenecks 452
1 Introduction 452
2 Experimental Setup 453
3 Results 454
4 Conclusions 458
References 459
Conflict Model of Evacuees and Vehicles on Pedestrian Crossing in the Aftermath of Disaster 460
1 Introduction 460
2 Numerical Simulation Model 461
2.1 New Model 461
2.2 Simulation Cases 462
3 Results 464
3.1 Pedestrian Tracking 464
3.2 Simulation Results 466
4 Discussion 466
5 Conclusions 467
Appendix 467
References 469
Social Force Model Describing Pedestrian and Cyclist Behaviour in Shared Spaces 470
1 Introduction 470
2 Social Force Model 471
3 Model Face-Validation Methodology 474
4 Face-Validation Results 476
5 Conclusions and Outlook 478
References 479
Multi-Attribute, Multi-Class, Trip-Based, Multi-Modal Traffic Network Equilibrium Model: Application to Large-Scale Network 480
1 Introduction 481
2 The Multi-Attribute, Multi-Class, Trip-Based, Multi-Modal Model 482
2.1 STA equilibrium model 483
2.2 DTA equilibrium model 484
3 Trip-Based Solution Algorithm and Numerical Experiments 485
4 Numerical Results and Conclusion 487
References 488
Microscopic Cycling Behavior Model Using Differential Game Theory 489
1 Introduction 489
2 Microscopic Modeling Approaches 490
3 Cycling Behavior Model Derivation 491
4 Model Plausibility Demonstration 493
4.1 Model Interpretation 493
4.2 Face Validation 495
5 Conclusions 497
References 497
Simulating Bicycle Traffic by the Intelligent-Driver Model: Reproducing the Traffic-Wave Characteristics Observed in a Bicycle-Following Experiment 499
1 Introduction 499
2 Models Under Investigation 500
3 Ring-Road Experiment 501
4 Methods 501
4.1 Calibrating and Validating Trajectories 501
4.2 Comparing Microscopic Fundamental Diagrams 502
5 Results 502
5.1 Free Acceleration 502
5.2 Collective Driving Behavior 503
5.3 Microscopic Fundamental Diagrams Comparison 504
5.4 Stop-and-Go Waves 504
5.5 Inter-Driver Variation and Validation 505
6 Discussion and Conclusions 506
References 506
Large-Scale Modeling of VANET and Transportation Systems 508
1 Introduction 509
2 VANET Communication and the Medium Access Technique 510
2.1 The Proposed Medium Access Model Versus Previous Models 510
2.2 Model Derivation 510
2.3 Communication Model Validation 512
3 Transportation Traffic Modeling 512
3.1 Eco-Routing Application 513
3.2 Eco-Routing in Literature 513
4 Simulation and Results 514
5 Conclusions 516
References 516
Activity Location Recommendation Using a Decentralized Proportional Feedback Mechanism 518
1 Introduction 518
2 Model for the Uncontrolled System 519
3 Controller Design Problem Formulation 521
3.1 Feedback Control 522
4 Simulation of a 3-Node Network 524
5 Conclusions and Outlook 525
References 525