Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 9
Editors and Contributors 11
General 15
1 Introduction to Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for Automotive Sector 16
References 19
Methanol Utilization 20
2 Development of Methanol Fuelled Two-Wheeler for Sustainable Mobility 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.1.1 Indian Automotive Sector 22
2.1.2 Potential Alternative Fuels for Two–Wheelers 24
2.2 Methanol as a Potential Alternative Fuel for Two-Wheelers 26
2.3 Challenges of Using Methanol in IC Engines 28
2.4 M85: Fuel Properties and Advantages Over M100 30
2.5 Methanol Utilization Strategies in Two-Wheelers 31
2.5.1 Conventional Carbureted Two-Wheelers 31
2.5.2 Modern Port Fuel Injected Two-Wheelers 32
2.5.3 Case-Study of Carburetor Versus PFI Systems in Two-Wheelers 33
2.6 Tools for ECU Calibration 34
2.6.1 Engine Dynamometer 34
2.6.2 Chassis Dynamometer 35
2.6.3 Instrumentation for ECU Calibration 37
2.6.4 Open ECU 37
2.6.5 Wide-Band Lambda Sensor and Conditioning Unit 38
2.7 ECU Calibration Strategies 38
2.7.1 Engine Setup in Calibration Software 38
2.7.2 Sensor Setup in the Calibration Software 41
2.7.3 Fuel Injection and Ignition Calibration 42
2.7.4 Fuel and Ignition Compensations 44
References 46
3 Material Compatibility Aspects and Development of Methanol-Fueled Engines 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Material Compatibility Issues for Methanol 51
3.2.1 Fuel Chemistry and Quality Issues 51
3.2.2 Corrosion 52
3.2.3 Wear 53
3.2.4 Components Affected by Methanol 53
3.2.5 Fuel Handling 54
3.2.6 Fuel Tank Assembly 54
3.2.7 Fuel Supply Assembly 54
3.2.8 Fuel Pump Module 55
3.2.9 Fuel Rails and Injectors 56
3.2.10 Engine Valve and Valve Seat 56
3.3 Methanol-Fueled Engines 57
3.3.1 Methanol Application in Spark Ignition Engine 57
3.3.2 Methanol Application in Compression Ignition Engine 57
3.3.3 Methanol-Fueled Engine Design Customisation 58
3.3.4 Cold Start Challenges 59
3.3.5 Fueling Systems Customisation and Ignition 59
3.3.6 Engine Cylinder Head Modification for Methanol 60
3.3.7 Vehicle Adaptation and Durability 60
3.4 Summary 61
References 61
4 Prospects of Methanol-Fuelled Carburetted Two Wheelers in Developing Countries 64
4.1 Transport Fuel Scenario in Developing Countries 65
4.2 Methanol as an Alternative Fuel for Vehicles 68
4.3 Construction of Carburetor 70
4.3.1 Conventional Carburetors 72
4.3.2 Modern Carburetors 73
4.4 Methanol Fueling in Two-Wheelers 76
4.4.1 Methanol Blending 76
4.4.2 Methanol Fumigation 77
4.5 Technical Challenges of Methanol-Fuelled Carburetor Operated Vehicles 81
4.6 Action Plan for Developing M15-Fuelled Dedicated Carburetors for Two-Wheelers 82
4.7 Conclusions 83
References 83
Advanced Engine Technologies 85
5 Prospects of Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine Technology in Transport Sector 86
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Conventional Fuels and Fuel Properties 91
5.3 Gasoline and Diesel Spray Characteristics 93
5.4 Engine Combustion 94
5.5 Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine Technology 96
5.5.1 Principle of GCI Combustion 96
5.5.2 GCI Engine Fuel Refining Process 97
5.5.3 GCI Combustion Modes 98
5.5.4 GCI Versus Other Combustion Concepts 99
5.5.5 Opportunities and Challenges Associated with GCI 100
5.6 Effect of Various Control Strategies on GCI Engine 105
5.6.1 Injection Strategy 105
5.6.2 Fuel Ignition Quality 107
5.6.3 EGR Strategy 109
5.6.4 Other Control Techniques 110
5.7 Critical Parts of a GCI Engine 111
5.7.1 Fuel Injection System 111
5.7.2 Compression Ratio 111
5.7.3 Engine Management System 112
5.7.4 GCI Exhaust After-Treatment System 112
5.8 Path Forward for GCI Engine Technology 113
5.9 Summary 114
References 115
6 Overview, Advancements and Challenges in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Technology 120
6.1 Introduction 122
6.1.1 Evolution of Gasoline Induction Technologies 123
6.2 Overview of GDI Engine Technology 124
6.2.1 GDI Operating Modes 124
6.2.2 GDI Combustion Systems 125
6.3 Recent Progress in GDI Engine Technology 126
6.3.1 Injector Location 126
6.3.2 Dual Fuel Injection 127
6.3.3 Split Injection Strategy 129
6.3.4 Fuel Injection Parameters 130
6.3.5 Injector Design 131
6.3.6 Application of Turbo-Boost, VCR and EGR in GDI Engine 132
6.3.7 Lean-Burn Strategy 134
6.4 Challenges in GDI Engine Technology 137
6.4.1 Particulates and Soot Formation in GDI Engine 137
6.4.2 Injector Deposits 144
6.4.3 Pre-ignition and Deto-Knock 147
6.5 Conclusions 149
References 150
7 Study on Alternate Fuels and Their Effect on Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 PN from GDI Engines and Alternate Fuels 159
7.3 Impact on PN 160
7.3.1 Effect of Ethanol on PN 160
7.3.2 Effect of Methanol on PN 161
7.3.3 Effect of Butanol on PN 162
7.4 Conclusions 162
References 163
8 Ozone Added Spark Assisted Compression Ignition 166
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Experimental Methods 171
8.2.1 Sandia Single-Cylinder Research Engine 171
8.2.2 Partially Stratified Versus Homogeneous SACI 174
8.2.3 In-Cylinder O3 Measurement 175
8.2.4 Single Zone Chemical Model 177
8.3 Results and Discussion 177
8.3.1 Effect of O3 on Combustion Performance and Emissions 177
8.3.2 Intake Temperature and Engine Speed on O3 Decomposition 180
8.3.3 Kinetic Study of LTHR Pathway 183
8.3.4 Energy Requirements for End Gas Auto-ignition 184
8.3.5 Development of Advanced Ignition System 186
8.4 Summary 188
References 189
Emissions and Aftertreatment Systems 193
9 Emissions of PM2.5-Bound Trace Metals from On-Road Vehicles: An Assessment of Potential Health Risk 194
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 Materials and Methods 196
9.2.1 Design of Portable Dilution System (PDS) 196
9.2.2 Multi-stream Aerosol Sampler 197
9.2.3 Evaluation of Dilution Tunnel 198
9.2.4 Aerosol Emission Measurement System 201
9.2.5 Gravimetric and Trace Metal Analysis 204
9.2.6 Human Health Risk Estimation 205
9.3 Results and Discussion 207
9.3.1 Trace Metals Concentration 207
9.3.2 Human Health Risk Assessment 209
9.4 Conclusion 215
References 216
10 Role of Diesel Particulate Filter to Meet Bharat Stage-VI Emission Norms in India 220
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 DPF Material and Its Properties 224
10.3 Regeneration Process in DPF Fitment 226
10.3.1 Passive Regeneration 227
10.3.2 Active Regeneration 227
10.4 Action Plan for Developing BS-VI Compatible DPF 230
10.5 Conclusions 231
References 232
Miscellaneous 234
11 Design and Development of Small Engines for UAV Applications 235
11.1 Introduction 236
11.1.1 Background of UAVs 236
11.1.2 Potential Applications of UAVs 236
11.2 Prospects and Limitations of Various Propulsion Systems for UAVs 238
11.3 IC Engine as UAV Propulsion System 239
11.4 Design and Development of Engine for UAV Application 241
11.4.1 Structural Analysis of Engine Components 242
11.4.2 Thermal Analysis of Engine Components 246
11.5 Challenges of Research in UAV Propulsion Systems 248
References 249
12 Automotive Lightweighting: A Brief Outline 251
12.1 Introduction 251
12.2 Materials in Lightweighting 252
12.2.1 Steel 253
12.2.2 Aluminium 253
12.2.3 Magnesium Alloys 254
12.2.4 Composites 254
12.3 Lightweighting Versus Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions 255
12.3.1 The Global Impact of Light-Weighting 257
12.4 Conclusions 258
References 259