Principles and Applications of Up-converting Phosphor Technology (eBook)

Contents 5
1 Upconversion Luminescent Materials: Properties and Luminescence Mechanisms 7
1.1 Introduction to the Upconversion Luminescence 8
1.1.1 Upconversion Luminescence 8
1.1.2 The Main Processes in Upconversion Luminescence 10
1.1.3 Upconversion Materials 11
1.2 The Processes Governing the Upconversion Luminescence 15
1.2.1 The Energy Level Structure and the Radiative Transition of Rare Earth Ions (Huang 2002 Yen and Selzer 1981)
1.2.2 The Radiative Transition of RE Ions 17
1.2.3 The Upconversion Luminescence Based on Excited State Absorption Process 20
1.2.4 The Upconversion Luminescence Based on Photon Avalanche 22
1.2.5 The Upconversion Luminescence Based on Energy Transfer 24
1.2.6 The Differences Among the Upconversion Luminescence Processes 28
1.3 Managing the Upconversion Luminescence Color and Efficiency of Rare Earth Ions 31
1.3.1 Managing the Upconversion Luminescence Color of Rare Earth Ions 31
1.3.2 Optimization in Luminescence Efficiency and Brightness of the UCPs 35
References 36
2 Synthesis and Preparation of Upconverting Phosphor Particles 39
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 The Components of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Materials 41
2.2.1 The Host 41
2.2.2 The Activator 43
2.2.3 The Sensitizer 45
2.3 Major Types of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Nanomaterials 46
2.3.1 Rare Earth Fluorides 49
2.3.2 Rare Earth Oxide Series 50
2.3.3 Rare Earth Fluoride Oxide Series 51
2.3.4 Rare Earth Halide Series 51
2.3.5 Rare Earth Sulfide Series 51
2.4 Synthesis of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Nanomaterials 52
2.4.1 The Precipitation Method 53
2.4.2 The Water/Solvothermal Method 54
2.4.3 Thermal Decomposition Method 56
2.4.4 The Sol-Gel Method 57
2.4.5 Other Methods 58
2.5 Surface Properties and Cytotoxicity of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Nanoparticles 59
2.5.1 Surface Groups and Surface Coatings 60
2.5.2 Cytotoxicity 62
2.6 The Main Challenges of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Materials 63
2.6.1 Host Stability 63
2.6.2 Efficiency 63
2.6.3 Pump 64
2.6.4 Narrow Range of Luminescence 64
References 64
3 Modification and Functionalization of Up-Converting Phosphor Particles 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Siliconization of UCP Surface 70
3.3 Functionalization of the SiO2 Layer on UCP Surface 70
3.4 Conjugation of Bioactive Molecules to the UCP Surface 70
3.4.1 Cross-links Between Amino and Carboxyl 71
3.4.2 Crosslinks between amino groups 72
3.5 Development of UPT-based Immunochromatographic Platform 73
References 73
4 Upconversion Nanoparticles-Based Point-of-Care Testing Technology 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 UPT-POCT Principles 76
4.2.1 UPT-POCT Elements 76
4.2.2 UPT-POCT Quantitative Analysis 77
4.3 UPT-POCT Assay Formats 79
4.3.1 UPT-POCT Assay in Sandwich Format 79
4.3.2 UPT-POCT Assay in Competitive Format 79
4.3.3 UPT-POCT Assay in Hybridization Format 81
4.4 UPT-POCT Assay for Multiplexing Detection 82
4.4.1 UPT-POCT Multiplexing in One Strip 82
4.4.2 UPT-POCT Multiplexing in a Multiple-Channel Disc 83
4.5 Future Outlook 83
References 84
5 Up-Converting Phosphor Technology-Based Biosensors 86
5.1 Basic Concepts of UPT Biosensor 87
5.1.1 Sensor 87
5.1.2 Biosensor 87
5.1.3 Immunosensor 88
5.1.4 Immunochromatographic Biosensor 89
5.1.5 Optical Biosensor 91
5.1.6 UPT Biosensor 92
5.2 Working Principle of UPT Immunoassay Analyzer 93
5.2.1 Quantitative Detection Principle of UPT LF Strip 94
5.2.2 Working Principle of Analyzer 95
5.2.3 Composition of Analyzer 98
5.3 Key Unit Techniques of UPT Immunoassay Analyzer 98
5.3.1 Photoelectric Measurement System 98
5.3.2 Control System 102
5.3.3 Algorithm Module 102
5.3.4 Mechanical Structure 103
5.3.5 Instrument Calibration 103
5.4 Development of UPT Immunoassay Analyzer 105
5.4.1 Development of Single-Channel UPT Immunoassay Analyzer 106
5.4.2 Development of Multichannel UPT Immunoassay Analyzer 127
5.4.3 Development of Imaging Detection System for LF Strip 129
5.5 Conclusions 136
Bibliography 137
6 Industrialization of Up-Converting Phosphor Diagnostic Products 139
6.1 Market Demand for Point-of-Care Testing Dictates the Industrialization of UPT Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Reagents 140
6.1.1 Status of Point-of-Care Testing 140
6.1.2 Market Demand for POCT 141
6.2 The Key Steps in UPT Technology Industrialization 142
6.2.1 Step One: The Combination of UPT Technology and Immunochromatography 142
6.2.2 Step Two: The Efficient Binding of UCNPs and Biomolecules 142
6.2.3 Step Three: The Uniformity of Coated PVC Sheets 143
6.2.4 Step Four: The Scale-Up of UCNPs Particle Preparation 143
6.2.5 Step Five: Large-Scale Production of UPT Biosensors 143
6.3 Social and Economic Benefits of Industrialization of UPT Diagnostic Production 143
6.3.1 Products that Have Obtained the Medical Device Registration Certificate and CE Certification from the China Food and Drug Administration 143
6.3.2 Social Benefits of UPT Diagnostic Products 144
References 145
7 Application of UPT-POCT in Emergency Medicine 146
7.1 Emergency Medicine 146
7.2 Emergency Diagnosis 147
7.2.1 Emergency Diagnosis of Circulatory System Diseases 147
7.2.2 Emergency Diagnosis of Blood Embolism Diseases 148
7.2.3 Emergency Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 148
7.3 UPT-POCT Advantages in Emergency Diagnosis 148
7.4 Application of UPT-POCT in Emergency Medicine 149
7.5 Summary 150
References 150
8 Application of UPT-POCT in Internal Medicine 152
8.1 Internal Medicine 152
8.2 The Application of UPT-POCT in Liver Diseases 153
8.3 The Application of UPT-POCT in Circulatory System Diseases 154
8.4 The Application of UPT-POCT in Endocrine System Diseases 154
References 155
9 Application of UPT-POCT in Combat-Related Traumatic Infection 156
9.1 Introduction 156
9.2 The Diagnostics of Combat-Related Traumatic Infection 157
9.3 The Application of UPT-POCT in Combat-Related Traumatic Infection 157
9.3.1 Portable UPT-POCT Biosensor 157
9.3.2 UPT-POCT Diagnostic Kits for Combat-Related Traumatic Infection and Sepsis 158
References 159
10 Application of UPT-POCT in Medical Relief for Disasters 161
10.1 The Characteristic of Medical Relief for Disasters 161
10.1.1 The Present Situation of Medical Relief for Disasters in the World 161
10.1.2 The Characteristic of Detection for Medical Relief for Disasters 162
10.2 The Requirement of Detection for Medical Relief for Disasters 163
10.2.1 The Diseases and Corresponding Detection Items in Earthquake Disasters 163
10.2.2 The Diseases and Corresponding Detection Items in Flood Disasters 164
10.2.3 The Diseases and Corresponding Detection Items in Conflagration and Explosion Disasters 164
10.3 UPT-POCT Detection Method for Medical Relief for Disasters 165
10.4 Applications of UPT-POCT for Medical Relief for Disasters 165
References 167
11 Application of UPT-POCT in Detection of Foodborne Pathogens 168
11.1 Character for Detection for Foodborne Pathogens 168
11.1.1 The Main Foodborne Pathogens 169
11.1.2 The Characteristics of Detection for Foodborne Pathogens 170
11.2 Requirement for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens 171
11.3 UPT-POCT Detection for Foodborne Pathogens 172
11.3.1 The Performance of UPT-POCT for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens 173
11.3.2 The Advantage of UPT-POCT for Detection of Foodborne Pathogen 173
11.4 Application 174
11.4.1 The Current Detection Method for Food Pathogen 174
11.4.2 Applications of UPT-POCT in Detection of Foodborne Pathogens 175
References 177
12 Application of UPT-POCT in Detection of Food Safety Related Mycotoxins 179
12.1 Mycotoxins and Their Hazards 180
12.1.1 Aflatoxin 180
12.1.2 Zearalenone 180
12.1.3 Deoxynivalenol 181
12.1.4 Ochratoxin A 181
12.2 Current Status of Mycotoxin Detection Technology 181
12.3 Application of UPT-POCT in Mycotoxin Detection 182
12.3.1 Principles of UPT-POCT Kits 183
12.3.2 Applicable Sample Types 183
12.3.3 Detection Procedure 184
12.3.4 Application and Evaluation 184
12.4 Conclusion 185
References 185
13 Application of UPT-POCT in Public Health Emergencies 187
13.1 Introduction 187
13.2 Diagnostic Methods for Public Health Emergencies 188
13.3 The Application of UPT-POCT in Public Health Emergencies 189
References 189
14 Application of UPT-POCT in Import and Export Quarantine 191
14.1 Detection in Port Quarantine 192
14.2 Demand for Development in the Field of Port Inspection and Quarantine 193
14.2.1 Three Functions of Port Inspection and Quarantine 193
14.2.2 Port Inspection and Quarantine Demand for Detection Technology 193
14.3 Up-Converting Phosphor Technology 194
14.3.1 UPT Test Kits Developed for Port Inspection and Quarantine 194
14.3.2 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Plague 194
14.3.3 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Zika 195
14.3.4 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Influenza 195
14.3.5 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Ebola 196
14.4 Application 196
14.4.1 Current Detection Methods 196
14.4.2 The Application of UPT at Ports 198
References 198
15 Application of UPT-POCT in Detection of Drugs 200
15.1 Characteristic of Drug Detection 201
15.1.1 Denomination of Drug 201
15.1.2 The Detection Character of Drugs 202
15.2 Requirement for Drug Detection 203
15.3 UPT-POCT for Drug Detection 203
15.3.1 Principle of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection 203
15.3.2 Technology Advance of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection 204
15.3.3 Extensive Application of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection 205
15.4 Application of UPT-POCT 205
15.4.1 Current Detection Methods for Drug Detection 205
15.4.2 Application of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection 207
15.4.3 Application Prospect of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection 209
References 209
16 Application of UPT-POCT in Anti-bioterrorism and Biosecurity 210
16.1 Introduction 210
16.2 Overview of Bioterrorism Agents 211
16.2.1 Categories of Bioterrorism Agents 211
16.2.2 Common Transmission Routes of Bioterrorism Agents 212
16.2.3 Perniciousness and Diagnosis of Bioterrorism Agents 212
16.2.4 The Therapy and Prevention of Bioterrorism Agents 213
16.3 Characteristics of Detection in Bioterrorism and Biosecurity 214
16.3.1 Operational Safety 215
16.3.2 Detection Accuracy and Detection Time 215
16.3.3 Multiplexed Detection 216
16.4 Requirements for Detection of Bioterrorism-Associated Agents 216
16.4.1 Field of Application 216
16.4.2 Point of Care Testing 217
16.5 UPT-POCT Assay Applied for Detection of Bioterrorism Agent 217
16.5.1 Detection Mode 217
16.5.2 Performance Evaluation 219
16.5.3 Field Evaluation 223
16.6 Application 223
16.6.1 Current Detection Methods 223
16.6.2 The Merit of UPT-POCT and Its Application 229
References 231
17 Application of UCNPs in Bio-imaging and Treatment 233
17.1 Application of UCNPs in Bio-imaging 234
17.1.1 Deep Tissue Imaging 234
17.1.2 Targeted Imaging of Tumor Cells 234
17.1.3 Multi-modality Imaging with UCNPs 235
17.2 Application of UCNPs in Disease Treatment 236
17.2.1 Nanoscale Carriers for Drugs and Genes 236
17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy 237
17.2.3 Photothermal Therapy 238
17.3 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of UCNPs 239
17.4 Conclusion 240
References 240