Electrochemical Energy Storage (eBook)

Contents 6
Preface 7
Synergistic Effect of Blended Components in Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries 9
Abstract 9
1 Introduction 10
2 Solvent Blends in Nonaqueous Electrolytes 12
2.1 Nitrile-Based and Ionic Liquid-Based Solvent Blends 13
2.1.1 Aim of Solvent Blending 13
2.2 Effect of Blending on Physicochemical Features 16
2.3 Effect of Blending on Electrochemical Performance 20
2.3.1 Cycling Performance and Electrochemical Stability 20
2.3.2 Aluminum Dissolution in Presence of Nitriles 23
2.4 Summary 26
3 Blended Conducting Salts in Nonaqueous Electrolytes 26
3.1 Aim of Blending Lithium Salts 31
3.2 Physicochemical Features of Blended Salt-Based Electrolytes 31
3.2.1 Transport Properties: Viscosity and Conductivity 31
3.2.2 Thermal Stability of Blended Salt-Based Electrolytes 34
3.3 Electrochemical Features of Blended Salt-Based Electrolytes 36
3.3.1 Cathodic Stability of Blended Salt-Based Electrolytes 36
3.3.2 Anodic Stability of the Blended Salt-Based Electrolytes 38
3.3.3 C-Rate Capability and Capacity Retention of the Blended Salt-Based Electrolytes 41
3.3.4 Suppression of Aluminum Dissolution by Blended Salt-Based Electrolytes 42
3.4 Summary 44
4 Blended Additive Containing Electrolytes 44
4.1 Safety Protection Agents 44
4.1.1 Flame Retardant Additive Blends 44
4.1.2 Overcharge Protection Additive Blends 48
4.2 SEI and CEI Film-Forming Additive Blends 51
4.3 Blended Electrolytes with Salt Stabilizer Additives 62
4.4 Summary 63
5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 63
References 66
High-Power-Density Organic Radical Batteries 73
Abstract 73
1 Introduction 74
2 Basic Concepts of Thin-Film Batteries 75
2.1 Battery Setup and Housing 77
2.2 Characteristics 78
3 Active Materials 80
3.1 TEMPO 81
3.2 Other Nitroxide Radicals 92
3.3 Other Radicals 98
4 Non-Active Materials 99
4.1 Conductive Additive and Binder 99
4.2 Electrolytes 100
5 Concluding Remarks 101
References 102
Cell Concepts of Metal--Sulfur Batteries (Metal = Li, Na, K, Mg): Strategies for Using Sulfur in Energy Storage Applications 108
Abstract 108
1 Introduction 109
1.1 Sulfur as Active Material for Electrochemical Energy Storage: Motivation 109
2 Cell Concepts 115
2.1 Conventional Design with Additional Membrane 115
2.2 Polysulfide Cell Concept 117
2.3 All-Solid-State Cell Concept 119
2.4 High-Temperature Concept 122
3 Challenges of Metal-Negative Electrodes 125
4 Aspects of Magnesium--Sulfur and Potassium--Sulfur Cells 126
5 Conclusions 127
Acknowledgements 128
References 128
Challenges and Prospect of Non-aqueous Non-alkali (NANA) Metal--Air Batteries 133
Abstract 133
1 Introduction 134
2 Non-aqueous Non-alkali (NANA) Metal--Air Batteries Research Objectives 135
3 Nonaqueous Mg--Air Batteries 136
3.1 Introduction 136
3.2 Liquid-Based Cells 137
3.2.1 Organic-Based Electrolytes 137
3.2.1.1 Organic Solutions with Regular Mg Salts 138
3.2.1.2 Ether Solutions with Organo-Magnesium Compounds 140
3.2.1.3 Iodine-based electrolytes 142
3.2.2 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs)-Based Electrolytes 145
3.2.2.1 Grignard Reagents 146
3.2.2.2 Phosphonium Chloride Ionic Liquid 148
3.3 Polymer Electrolytes 148
3.4 All Solid-State Cells 149
4 Nonaqueous Al--Air Batteries 151
4.3 Introduction 151
4.2 Liquid-Based Cells 152
4.2.1 Alcohols 152
4.2.2 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 152
4.2.2.1 Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids 152
4.2.2.2 Alternative Ionic Liquids 153
4.3 All Solid-State Cell 155
5 Nonaqueous Silicon–Air Batteries 156
5.1 Introduction 156
5.2 Liquid-Based Cells 156
5.3 Gel Polymer-Based Electrolyte 159
5.4 All Solid-State Cells 161
6 An Overview: Conclusions and Perspective 163
6.1 General 163
6.2 Magnesium--Air Battery System 163
6.3 Aluminum--Air Battery System 164
6.4 Silicon--Air Battery System 164
6.5 All Solid-State Metal--Air Battery Systems 164
6.6 Full Cell Comparison 169
Acknowledgements 169
References 169
Challenges Considering the Degradation of Cell Components in Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells: A Review and Evaluation of Present Systems 175
Abstract 175
1 Introduction 176
2 Results and Discussion 178
2.1 Basic Electrochemistry 178
2.2 Material Issues Related to Degradation 181
2.2.1 SEI Growth/Reorganization 182
2.2.2 Self Discharge 183
2.2.3 Exfoliation 184
2.2.4 Li-Dendrite Formation 187
2.2.5 Electrolyte Decomposition 189
2.2.6 Loss of Porosity 191
2.2.7 Transition-Metal Dissolution 192
2.2.8 Binder Decomposition 193
2.2.9 Cracks 195
2.2.10 Structural Changes 197
2.2.11 Changes in the Electronic Structure 201
2.2.12 Surface-Near Composition Changes 205
2.3 Capacity Loss in Full Cells 206
2.4 Degradation as a Safety Risk 211
3 Summary and Outlook 213
References 213