Sustainable Metal Extraction from Waste Streams

Dr. Garima Chauhan received her PhD in chemical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in the field of waste management and extractive metallurgy, and is now working at the Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada. She has also worked as guest scientist at Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Germany and as an Assistant Professor at Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India. Dr. Chauhan has worked on various interdisciplinary research projects for the recovery of metals from crude oil, spent catalyst and electronic waste. Currently, she is actively engaged in industry-sponsored synthetic fuels research to convert bioderived material to aviation turbine fuels. Dr. Chauhan has published 20+ research papers in international peer reviewed journals. She has also been a member of editorial board and a recognized reviewer in several peer reviewed journals. Dr. Perminder Jit Kaur received her PhD in chemical engineering and Rural Technologies from IIT Delhi and was awarded the prestigious "Prof. Meera Mohan" award at IIT Delhi for outstanding work on her Ph.D. thesis. She is currently workingas a Scientist at the Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Dr. Kaur was also awarded women scientist fellowship by the Ministry of Science and Technology, India. She is a versatile researcher with wide-ranging interests of teaching and research with 14 research papers and 5 book chapters in peer reviewed international journals and editorial board member and reviewer of many international peer-review journals. Her research interests include formulation techniques, bioleaching of hazardous waste, green process and technologies. Prof. Kamal Kishore Pant is a Petrotech Chair Professor and Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering at IIT Delhi as well as Honorary Faculty at the University of Queensland, Australia. His research contribution involves a wide range of innovative studies covering both theoretical and experimental aspects of heterogeneous catalysis for hydrocarbon conversion, coal to chemical, bioenergy, waste to wealth and value-added chemicals. Prof. Pant has 30 years of research and teaching experience during which he has published 150+ journal articles and has been granted several national and international patents. Most of his work is funded by the largest Indian companies and government organizations such as DST, Ministry of Fertilizers, Defense, GAIL, HPCL, BPCL, IOCL, ONGC, DRDO, NOVOD, and many more. Indeed, Prof. Pant?s group is the first in India to develop a zero discharge 10kg/hr pilot plant for the recovery of energy and metals from all types of E-waste. Additionally, his research consortium is developing a 1MW coal to chemical pilot plant which is considered among top-rated projects promoted by the Government of India. Accordingly, he has been conferred several national and international awards for his pioneering work and is also among most sought after expert members in several boards and councils? private industries, academia as well as Government of India organizations. Prof. Krishna Nigam is a faculty member of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi since 1976. He has published more than 200 research papers in international peer reviewed journals. In particular, he has made long lasting research contributions to the analysis and design of multiphase reactors and coiled flow inverters. His research work has been widely acclaimed and referred to in prestigious journals such as Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, and Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, amongst others. Prof. Nigam has worked as visiting faculty member in several international schools across the globe including France, Germany, Australia, UK, USA, China, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and Mexico and served as an Adjunct Professor at IIT-ISM Dhanbad and Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, Distinguished Visiting Professor at ITESM, Monterrey, Mexico and as member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences. He has been awarded the prestigious ?Humboldt Research Award? in 2011. His lifetime work was recognized in a Festschrift in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (ACS Publication; 51(4), 1435-2178; 2012). The Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai awarded him the ?Distinguished Alumnus Award 2017? and his alma mater awarded him the ?Lifetime Achievement Award? in recognition of his achievements.

1 Introduction to Sustainability and Green Chemistry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defining "Sustainability"
1.3 Dimensions of Sustainability
1.4 New Conceptual Frameworks to Define Sustainability
1.5 Green Value Stream Mapping (GVSM)
1.6 "Greening the Waste"
1.7 Green Chemistry Terminology
1.8 Green Ways of Metal Extraction: Core of the Book

2 Waste Handling and Pre-treatment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Waste Categorization
2.3 Legislations and Regulations for Hazardous Wastes
2.4 Handling/Management of Hazardous Waste
2.5 A Call for Metal Recovery from Waste
2.6 Pretreatment of Waste
2.7 Summary and Outlook

3 Conventional Technologies for Metal Extraction from Waste
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pyrometallurgical Operations
3.3 Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Waste
3.4 Summary and Outlook

4 Emerging Technology for Metal Extraction from Waste:
I. Green Adsorption
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Adsorption
4.3 Green Adsorption
4.4 Parameters Affecting the Adsorption Capacity of Green Adsorbents
4.5 Adsorption Kinetic Models
4.6 Mechanism of Metal Uptake
4.7 Green Adsorbents: Relevant Literature
4.8 Innovative Applications of Adsorption
4.9 Case Study
4.10 Summary and Outlook

5 Emerging Technologies for Extraction of Metals from Waste
II. Bioleaching
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bioleaching Process Description
5.3 Factors Affecting the Process Efficiency
5.4 Mechanism of Bioleaching Process
5.5 Engineering Practices in Bioleaching Process
5.6 Application of Bioleaching in Extracting Metals from Waste
5.7 Technoeconomic Opportunities and Challenges
5.8 Summary and Outlook

6 Future Technology for Metal Extraction from Waste:
I. Chelation Technology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Defining "Chelation"
6.3 Classification of Ligands
6.4 Chemistry Associated with Chelation
6.5 Chelation Process for Extraction of Metals
6.6 Novel Applications of Chelating Agents
6.7 Ecotoxicological Concerns and Biodegradability
6.8 Summary and Outlook

7 Future Technology for Metal Extraction from Waste:
II. Ionic Liquids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 What Are Ionic Liquids?
7.3 Characteristic Properties of Ionic Liquids
7.4 Classification of Ionic Liquids
7.5 Environmental Scrutiny of Ionic Liquids
7.6 Applications of Ionic Liquids
7.7 Summary and Outlook

8 Scale-up Process for Metal Extraction from Solid Waste
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Process Intensification
8.3 Intensification of Metal Extraction Processes
8.4 Scaling Up from Batch to Continuous Process
8.5 Summary and Outlook

9 Process Intensification for Micro-flow Extraction:
Batch to Continuous Process
Jogender Singh, Loveleen Sharma, and Jamal Chaouki
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Miniaturized Extraction Devices
9.3 CFI for Continuous Micro-flow Extraction
9.4 Summary and Future Challenges

Bibliography
Index