Advanced Linear Machines and Drive Systems (eBook)

Contents 5
About the Editors 6
Acronyms 9
Symbols 14
List of Figures 20
List of Tables 32
1 Dynamic Modelling of LIMs Including End-Effects 34
Abstract 34
1 Definition of Space-Vectors 34
1.1 3?2 and 2?3 Transformations 35
1.2 Coordinate Transformation 35
2 Introduction About the Mathematical Models of LIMs 37
3 Space-Vector T-Circuit of the LIM Including the Dynamic End Effects 39
4 Space-Vector Model of the LIM Including End-Effects Expressed in State Form 42
4.1 Voltage and Current Flux Models of the LIM 43
4.2 State Space Space-Vector Model of the LIM 48
4.3 Mechanical Equation 51
5 Parameter Identification of LIMs 52
5.1 Description of the Identification Algorithm 53
5.2 Magnetic Characterization of the LIM 56
6 Validation of the LIM Dynamic Model Including the End-Effects 57
6.1 Experimental Set-up 57
6.2 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Model of the LIM 58
6.3 FEA Validation 59
6.4 Experimental Validation 63
6.5 Magnetic Characterization of the LIM from Experimental Tests 65
7 Summary 66
References 67
2 Advanced Modelling and Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Linear Generators 70
Abstract 70
1 Introduction 71
1.1 Linear Machines 72
1.2 Direct-Drive Power Take-Off Systems 73
1.3 Operation of Permanent Magnet Linear Generator 74
1.4 Linear Generator Power Rating 76
2 Linear Generator Technologies 78
3 Mathematical Modelling of WEC 80
3.1 The Ocean Wave Characterization 80
3.2 The Mathematical Modelling of a PMLG 81
4 Simulation and Analysis 83
4.1 The Two-Sided RPMLG (2SRPMLG) 84
4.2 The Four-Sided RPMLG (4SRPMLG) 88
5 Results and Discussions 89
5.1 The Comparison of the Modelled Machine with an Existing 2SRPMLG 89
5.2 Two-Sided Vs. Four-Sided Topologies 92
5.3 Rectangular Vs Square Structure PMLG 98
6 Conclusion 101
References 101
3 Model Predictive Current Control for Linear Induction Machine 105
Abstract 105
1 Introduction 106
1.1 Traditional Control Method for LIM 106
1.2 Development of MPC 107
2 FCS-MPC for LIM 108
2.1 FCS-MPC Based One Voltage Vector 110
2.2 FCS-MPC Based Two Voltage Vectors 113
2.3 FCS-MPC Based Three Voltage Vectors 117
2.4 Deadlock in Search Process 119
3 Multistep Model Predictive Control for LIM 121
3.1 Constraint Problem in MMPC 123
4 Simulation and Experiments 127
4.1 Results of FCS-MPC 127
4.2 Results of MMPC 135
5 Summary 149
References 149
4 Sensorless Control Techniques of LIMs 151
Abstract 151
1 Introduction on Sensorless Control 151
1.1 Model Based Sensorless Control of RIMs 153
1.2 Anisotropies Based Sensorless Control 155
1.3 Sensorless Control of LIMs 158
2 Limits of Model-Based Sensorless Techniques 159
2.1 Open-Loop Integration 159
2.1.1 The Neural Adaptive Integrator (NAI) 160
2.2 The Inverter Non-Linearity Compensation 161
2.3 Machine Parameter Mismatch 163
3 Speed Estimation by Least-Squares 163
3.1 The Least-Squares Approach 163
3.2 The TLS EXIN Neuron 165
4 The TLS EXIN MRAS Speed Observer 165
4.1 The NN Adaptive Model 167
5 The TLS EXIN FOLO 168
5.1 The FOLO 168
5.2 The Speed Adaptation Law 171
6 The Closed-Loop MRAS (CL-MRAS) 172
6.1 LIM Mechanical Model 174
7 Experimental Results on Sensorless Control of LIMs 177
8 Summary 181
References 181
5 Speed Sensorless Control Strategy for LIM Based on Extended State Observer 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Secondary Flux Estimation Based on ESO 189
2.1 Description of ESO 189
2.2 Secondary Flux Estimation 190
3 Analysis of Speed Adaptive Mechanism 192
3.1 Analysis and Design of Speed Adaptive Algorithm 192
3.2 Analysis and Design of Speed Adaptive Parameters 194
4 Improved Speed Observer and Robust Speed Control Based on ESO 196
4.1 Improved Speed and Load Resistance Observer 196
4.2 Feedforward Control with Load Resistance Compensation 197
5 Simulation Results 199
5.1 Tracking Performance of Step Input 200
5.2 Disturbance Rejection Property 204
6 Experimental Results 207
6.1 Tracking Performance of Step Input 208
6.2 Disturbance Rejection Property 212
7 Summary 214
References 215
6 Loss Minimization Control Scheme for LIM 218
Abstract 218
1 Introduction 218
1.1 Search Controller Based LMC 219
1.2 Loss Model Based LMC 220
1.3 LMC Schemes for LIM 220
2 Loss Model and LMC Scheme for LIM 221
2.1 Equivalent Circuit of LIM 221
2.2 Loss Model of LIM 223
2.3 LMC for LIM 226
3 Loss Model and LMC Scheme for LIM Drive System 229
3.1 Loss Model for LIM Drive System 229
3.2 LMC for LIM Drive System 233
3.3 Results 234
3.3.1 Simulations 234
3.3.2 Experiments 236
4 Normal Force Integrated LMC for LIM 243
4.1 Normal Force 243
4.2 Normal Force Integrated LMC for LIM 245
4.3 Results 247
4.3.1 Determination of Normal Force Weighting Factor 247
4.3.2 Steady-State Performance 249
5 Summary 255
References 255
7 Non-linear Control Techniques of LIMs 257
Abstract 257
1 Control Techniques of Rotating Induction Motors (RIM) 257
2 Scalar Control (SC) of LIMs 259
3 Field Oriented Control (FOC) of LIMs 262
3.1 Principle of Field Oriented Control 263
3.2 Secondary Flux Oriented Control 265
3.3 Secondary Flux Acquisition 266
3.4 Secondary Flux Oriented Control with Impressed Voltages 270
4 Feedback Linearization Control (FLC) 274
4.1 Linearization of Systems in Companion Form 275
4.2 State-Input Linearization 275
4.3 Input-Output Linearization 276
5 Input-Output Feedback Linearization of LIMs 277
5.1 Space-Vector Model and Field Oriented Control of the LIM 278
5.2 Definition of the Input Output Feedback Linearization Control Law 282
5.3 Controller Design 286
5.4 System Constraints 288
5.5 FLC Scheme 289
5.6 Experimental Results 291
6 FLC and Sensitivity Versus Parameters Variation 293
6.1 MRAS Based Primary Resistance Estimator 294
7 Input-Output Adaptive Feedback Linearizing Control of Linear Induction Motor Considering the End-Effects 296
7.1 Dynamic Model of the LIM 296
7.2 Definition of the Input-Output Adaptive Feedback Linearization Control Law 297
7.3 Experimental Results 303
8 Summary 307
References 308
8 Superconducting Linear Machines for Electrical Power Generation from the Oceanic Wave 311
Abstract 311
1 Introduction 312
2 Copper Conductor and Permanent Magnet Linear Machines 314
3 Superconducting Linear Machines 320
3.1 Construction 320
3.2 Winding Layout 324
3.3 Parameters Calculation 325
3.4 Equivalent Circuit 326
4 Simulation Results 326
5 Summary 328
References 328
9 The Grid Connection of Linear Machine-Based Wave Power Generators 333
Abstract 333
1 Introduction 334
2 The Wave Energy Conversion 337
2.1 The Wave Energy Converters 337
2.2 The Conversion from Mechanical to the Electrical Energy 340
2.2.1 The Linear Generators as Electrical PTOs 341
3 Configurations of the WEC Arrays in Wave Farms 346
3.1 The Spatial Layout Planning for a Wave Farm 347
3.1.1 A Single String Radial Cluster 349
3.1.2 Radial Clusters of WECs with Tie-Breakers 349
3.1.3 A Star Topology with Radial Strings of WEC 349
3.1.4 A Mesh Interconnection of WECs in a WF 350
3.1.5 An Intermediate Offshore Substation 350
4 An Aggregation Effect of a Wave Farm 351
5 The Smoothing Effect of a Wave Farm 352
6 The Impact of Wave Farm on Storage Requirement 352
7 The Transmission of WF’s Power to the Onshore Grid 353
7.1 The Transmission Configurations 354
8 The Flicker and Power Oscillations at PCC 355
9 The Energy Storage Requirement 358
10 The Power, Voltage, and Frequency Control for Grid Integration 359
11 The Power Quality Issues 360
12 The Commercial Development of WECs in Australia 362
12.1 Commercial Scale Projects 362
13 Summary 364
References 366