Infections of the Central Nervous System

FABRICE CHRETIEN, MD, PhD is Head of Neuropathology at the Sainte Anne Hospital, Paris; Professor of Neuropathology at the Paris University, Paris; and Unit Director at the Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.

KUM THONG WONG, MBBS, MPath, FRCPath, MD is Professor of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

LEROY R. SHARER, MD is Professor of Anatomic Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and University Hospital, Newark, NJ, USA.

CATHERINE (KATY) KEOHANE, MB, BCh, BAO, FRCPath, FFPath is a Neuropathologist and Professor at the School of Medicine, University College Cork, Brookfield Health Science Complex, Cork, Ireland.

FRANCOISE GRAY, MD, PhD is Professor of Pathology (retired) at the Lariboisiere Hospital, APHP, Paris; and University Paris Diderot (Paris 7), Paris, France.

List of Contributors ix


1 Introduction and Classification of Infections of the CNS According to the Agent 1
Fabrice Chretien, Kum Thong Wong, Leroy R. Sharer, Catherine (Katy) Keohane, and Francoise Gray


2 Sepsis?Associated Encephalopathy 11
Franck Verdonk, Aurelien Mazeraud, Fabrice Chretien, and Tarek Sharshar


3 Variation of CNS Infections According to the Host 21
Leroy R. Sharer, Catherine (Katy) Keohane, and Francoise Gray


4 Clinical Approach to the Adult Patient with CNS Infection 29
Michel Wolff, Romain Sonneville, and Tarek Sharshar


5 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the CNS 43
Bette K. Kleinschmidt?DeMasters, Catherine (Katy) Keohane, and Francoise Gray


6 Varicella?Zoster Virus and Epstein?Barr Virus Infections of the CNS 55
Catherine (Katy) Keohane and Francoise Gray


7 Cytomegalovirus Infections of the CNS 65
Homa Adle?Biassette and Natacha Teissier


8 Adenovirus Meningoencephalitis 77
Harry V. Vinters and Xinhai R. Zhang


9 Polyomavirus Infections of the CNS 83
Susan Morgello


10 Measles Virus Infection of the CNS 95
Catherine (Katy) Keohane, Leroy R. Sharer, and Francoise Gray


11 Rubella Virus 105
Bette K. Kleinschmidt?DeMasters


12 Henipavirus Encephalitis 113
Kum Thong Wong and Kien Chai Ong


13 Rabies 121
Guilherme Dias de Melo, Perrine Parize, Gregory Jouvion, Laurent Dacheux, Fabrice Chretien, and Herve Bourhy


14 Flaviviruses 1: General Introduction and Tick?Borne Encephalitis 131
Herbert Budka


15 Flaviviruses 2: West Nile, St. Louis Encephalitis, Murray Valley Encephalitis, Yellow Fever, and Dengue 147
Edward S. Johnson and Juan M. Bilbao


16 Flaviviruses 3: Zika Virus Infection of the CNS 163
Leila Chimelli


17 Flaviviruses 4: Japanese Encephalitis 169
Shankar Krishna Susarla, Anita Mahadevan, Bishan Radotra, Masaki Takao, and Kum Thong Wong


18 CNS Disorders Caused by Hepatitis C and Hepatitis E Viruses 177
Melissa Umphlett, Clare Bryce, and Susan Morgello


19 Alphaviral Equine Encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan) 183
Kum Thong Wong


20 Chikungunya Virus 189
Cassia Shinotsuka, Michael Blatzer, Gregory Jouvion, and Fabrice Chretien


21 Poliovirus Infection and Postpolio Syndrome 195
Catherine (Katy) Keohane, Leila Chimelli, and Aisling Ryan


22 Enterovirus A71 Infection 205
Kum Thong Wong, Kien Chai Ong, Therese Couderc, and Marc Lecuit


23 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of the CNS 215
Francoise Gray and Leroy R. Sharer


24 HTLV?1 and Neurological?Associated Disease 231
Antoine Gessain, Olivier Cassar, and Philippe V. Afonso


25 Parechovirus A 243
Clayton A. Wiley


26 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalomyelitis 251
Romana Hoeftberger and Hans Lassmann


27 Miscellaneous Inflammatory Disorders of the CNS of Possible Infectious Origin 259
Mari Perez?Rosendahl, Jamie Nakagiri, Xinhai R. Zhang, and Harry V. Vinters


28 Mycoplasmal and Rickettsial Infections of the CNS 267
Roy H. Rhodes


29 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Bacterial Infections of the CNS 279
Loic Le Guennec and Sandrine Bourdoulous


30 Pyogenic Infections of the CNS 1: Acute Bacterial Meningitis 295
Loic Le Guennec and Sandrine Bourdoulous


31 Pyogenic Infections of the CNS 2: (Brain Abscess, Subdural Abscess or Empyema, Epidural Abscess, Septic Embolism, and Suppurative Intracranial Phlebitis) 309
Arnault Tauziede?Espariat, Alexandre Roux, Megan Still, Marc Zanello, Gilles Zah?Bi, Ghazi Hmeydia, Catherine Oppenheim, Michel Wolff, Johan Pallud, and Fabrice Chretien


32 Pyogenic Infections of the CNS 3: Following Neurosurgical Procedures 319
Alexandre Roux, Megan Still, Marc Zanello, Gilles Zah?Bi, Arnault Tauziede?Espariat, Ghazi Hmeydia, Catherine Oppenheim, Michel Wolff, Fabrice Chretien, and Johan Pallud


33 CNS Involvement in Tropheryma whipplei Infection 331
Emmanuele Lechapt?Zalcman


34 Cerebral Actinomycosis 337
Arnault Tauziede?Espariat


35 Cerebral Nocardiosis 343
Arnault Tauziede?Espariat and Leroy R. Sharer


36 CNS Tuberculosis 349
Michael A. Farrell, Eoin R. Feeney, and Jane B. Cryan


37 Non?Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections 357
Leroy R. Sharer


38 Spirochetal Infections of the CNS 363
Francoise Gray and Catherine (Katy) Keohane


39 Neurobrucellosis 379
Marine Le Dudal, Fabrice Chretien, and Gregory Jouvion


40 Legionellosis 383
Edward S. Johnson


41 Neurosarcoidosis 393
Michael A. Farrell and Alan Beausang


42 Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis 403
Francoise Gray and Leroy R. Sharer


43 Toxin?Induced Neurological Diseases 411
Pierre L. Goossens, Cedric Thepenier, and Michel R. Popoff


44 Fungal Infections of the CNS 419
Michael Blatzer, Fanny Lanternier, Jean?Paul Latge, Anne Beauvais, Stephane Bretagne, Fabrice Chretien, and Gregory Jouvion


45 Cerebral Malaria 437
Patricia Reis, Vanessa Estato, and Hugo Caire de Castro Faria Neto


46 Toxoplasma Infection of the CNS 449
Stephane Bretagne, Catherine (Katy) Keohane, and Homa Adle?Biassette


47 Other Protozoal Infections 463
Leila Chimelli and Catherine (Katy) Keohane


48 Helminth Infections of the CNS 475
Marine Le Dudal, Stephane Bretagne, David Hardy, Fabrice Chretien, and Gregory Jouvion


Appendix: CASE EXAMPLE: Schistosoma mekongi Neuroschistosomiasis 500
Edward S. Johnson


49 Brain Myiasis 503
Arnault Tauziede?Espariat


50 Emerging CNS Infections 505
Kum Thong Wong


Index 515