Polymers from Fossil and Renewable Resources (eBook)

Contents 6
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Topics and Aim of the Book 9
Appendix 15
References 17
2 Basic Concepts for Plastic Response 18
2.1 Introduction and Motivation 18
2.2 Plastic Materials 19
2.3 Measurable Fundamental Entities 21
2.4 Mechanical Properties 32
2.5 Rheology and Processing Features of Plastics 41
References 42
3 Molecular Structure Requirements 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Fossil Resources Derived Polymers 45
3.2.1 Polyolefins 46
3.2.2 Polystyrenes 53
3.2.3 Polyesters 54
3.2.4 Polyamides 58
3.2.5 Polycarbonates (PC) 59
3.2.6 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 60
3.2.7 Acrylic Polymers 61
3.3 Bio-related Polymers from Renewable Resources 64
3.3.1 Polyethylene from Fermentation Monomer 65
3.3.2 Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) 66
3.3.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 67
3.3.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 69
3.4 Structure to Fundamental Properties 71
References 78
4 Synthesis of Polymers for Plastic Materials 79
4.1 Motivation 79
4.2 Monomers from Fossil Resources 80
4.2.1 Hydrocarbon Monomers from Oil 85
4.2.2 Monomers Containing Heteroatoms 87
4.3 Polymerization Processes 87
4.3.1 General Aspects 87
4.3.2 Chain Polymerization Processes 90
4.3.3 Stepwise Polymerization 97
4.3.4 Copolymerization 100
4.4 Processing to Materials 103
References 112
5 The Obtainment of Bioplastics 113
5.1 The Controversial Definition of Bioplastics 113
5.2 Biopolymers from Natural Resources 114
5.3 Bioplastics in Engineered Systems 123
5.4 Monomers from Nature and Their Polymerization Derivatives 128
5.5 Bioplastic Formulation and Processing 132
References 138
7 Environmental Impact 166
7.1 Plastics and Bioplastics Versus Environment 166
7.2 Materials from Oil and Renewable Sources 172
7.3 Production Processes 177
7.4 Consumer Use 183
7.5 Disposal, Recycling, Biodegradation 184
7.5.1 Biodegradation 186
7.5.2 Recycling 189
References 192
8 Response of Society and Market 193
8.1 Society and Plastics 193
8.2 Available Raw Materials 195
8.2.1 Monomers from Alcohols 197
8.2.2 Monomers and Building Blocks from Diols and Polyols 198
8.2.3 Lactic Acid and PLA 200
8.2.4 Polyamides 201
8.2.5 Acrylic Polymers 202
8.2.6 Other Bio-derived Building Blocks for Plastic Polymers 203
8.3 Ultimate Properties for Distinct Applications 207
8.4 Market Evaluation and Future Developments 209
References 211
Epilogue-A Current Consideration 213
Index 215