Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Batteries (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 10
Contents 13
Contributors 17
1 Introduction to Electrochemical Energy Storage 18
1.1 Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage 19
1.2 A Brief Introduction to Energy Storage Technology 20
1.2.1 Fossil Fuels 20
1.2.2 Mechanical Storage 21
1.2.3 Electrical/Electromagnetic Storage 22
1.2.4 Electrochemical Energy Storage 25
1.2.5 Thermal Energy Storage 28
1.3 Fundamentals About Electrochemical Energy Storage 29
1.3.1 How Is Energy Stored and Released Through Electrochemical Reactions? 30
1.3.2 Energy Storage Devices Operated by Electrochemical Reactions 31
1.3.3 Key Components and Materials for EES Application 35
1.4 Summary 41
References 41
2 Charge Transfer and Storage of an Electrochemical Cell and Its Nano Effects 46
2.1 Storage of Charges in an Energy Storage Device 47
2.1.1 Storage of Charges in a Primary Cell 48
2.1.2 Storage of Charges in a Rechargeable Cell 54
2.2 Transfer of Charges in a Rechargeable Cell 71
2.2.1 Transfer of Charges in Solid Electrode Material 72
2.2.2 Transfer of Charges in a Liquid Electrolyte 73
2.2.3 Transfer of Charges in a Solid Electrolyte 74
2.2.4 Transfer of Charges Across Interface Between Electrode and Electrolyte 78
2.3 Fundamentals About Use of Nanostructures and Nanomaterials in a Rechargeable Cell 81
2.3.1 “Nano” Effect on the General Storage Properties of a Rechargeable Cell 81
2.3.2 “Nano” Effect on the Charge Transfer Across Electrode|Electrolyte Interface 85
2.3.3 Design Principles for “Kinetically Stable” Nanostructured Electrode Materials 92
References 93
3 Nanostrucutres and Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 105
3.1 General Introduction of Lithium-Ion Batteries 107
3.2 Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 108
3.2.1 Trichalcogenides and Related Materials 108
3.2.2 Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides 110
3.2.3 Nanostructured Lithium Transition Metal Oxides 112
3.2.4 Iron Compounds Including Oxides and Phosphates 128
3.2.5 Summary 130
3.3 Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 131
3.3.1 Carbonaceous Anode Materials 131
3.3.2 Group IVA Elements and Compounds 138
3.3.3 Transition-Metal Compounds 155
3.3.4 Summary 161
References 161
4 Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Lithium Metal Batteries 175
4.1 Introduction to Lithium Metal Batteries 176
4.2 Nanostructures in Air Cathodes of Li-Air Batteries 178
4.2.1 Nanostructured Substrate Materials in Air Cathodes 179
4.2.2 Nanocatalysts in Air Cathodes 181
4.3 Nanostructures in Sulfur Cathodes of Li–S Batteries 183
4.3.1 Electrochemistry, Advantages, and Issues of Li–S Batteries 183
4.3.2 Design of Nanostructures for S Cathodes 185
4.3.3 Nanostructures for Other Components in Li–S Batteries 199
4.3.4 Summary 202
4.4 Nanostructures in Li Metal Anodes 202
4.4.1 Nano/Micro Host Materials for Li Metal Anodes 203
4.4.2 Protective Nano Surface Layers for Li Metal Anodes 212
4.5 Summary 220
References 222
5 Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Solid-State Batteries 231
5.1 Solid-State Electrolytes 233
5.1.1 History and Current State of Solid-State Electrolytes 233
5.1.2 Ion Transport Mechanism in Solid-State Electrolytes 237
5.1.3 Optimization of Ionic Conductivity 241
5.1.4 Thermal and Electrochemical Stability of Solid-State Electrolytes 246
5.1.5 Nanoscale Modification at Solid/Solid Interface 248
5.1.6 Electrochemical Characters of Solid Electrolytes 250
5.2 Electrode Structures for Solid-State Batteries 253
5.2.1 Cathode Structures for Solid-State Batteries 253
5.2.2 Anode Materials for Solid-State Batteries 263
5.2.3 Other Types of Solid-State Batteries 268
5.3 Key Points in Construction of Solid-State Batteries 269
5.3.1 Temperature 269
5.3.2 Strain and Stress 270
5.4 Summary and Outlook 272
References 273
6 Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Sodium Batteries 280
6.1 Sodium Ion—An Important Charge Carrier for Energy Storage 281
6.2 Differences and Similarities Between LIBs and NIBs 282
6.2.1 A Brief Summary of the History of LIBs and NIBs 282
6.2.2 Working Principles 283
6.2.3 Size Effects of Large Na Ions 284
6.3 Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Cathodes of NIBs 285
6.3.1 Surface Coating at Nanoscale 286
6.3.2 Cationic Substitution in Crystal Framework 292
6.3.3 Structure Design and Optimization 295
6.4 Nanostructures and Nanomaterials for Anodes of NIBs 299
6.4.1 Typical Anode Materials of NIBs 300
6.4.2 Synthesis Strategies for Constructing Nanostructured Anode Materials 301
6.4.3 Anode Materials with Diversified Nanostructures 305
6.5 Summary and Outlook 319
References 319
7 Traditional Nanostructures and Nanomaterials in Batteries 328
7.1 Introduction of Traditional Nanostructures and Nanomaterials in Batteries 329
7.2 Conductive Additives for Batteries 330
7.2.1 Carbon Black 331
7.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 332
7.2.3 Graphene and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) 334
7.2.4 Multiple Conductive Additives 338
7.3 Separators for Batteries 340
7.3.1 Modification of Traditional Separators with Nanomaterials for Batteries 341
7.3.2 New Separators for Batteries 348
7.4 Current Collectors for Batteries 354
7.4.1 Surface Modification of Al Current Collector 355
7.4.2 Surface Modification of Cu Current Collector 357
7.4.3 Nanostructured Current Collector 360
7.5 Summary and Outlook 363
References 364
8 Conclusions and Perspectives on New Opportunities of Nanostrucutres and Nanomaterials in Batteries 373
8.1 Near-Term Technologies 375
8.1.1 Layered Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials 376
8.1.2 Silicon Anodes 377
8.2 Long-Term Technologies 378
8.2.1 Lithium-Rich Cathodes 378
8.2.2 Metal Anodes 379
8.2.3 All-Solid-State Batteries 380
8.2.4 Sodium-Ion Batteries 382
8.2.5 Conversion-Type Batteries 383
8.2.6 Other Opportunities 386
References 387