Optical and Wireless Technologies (eBook)

Conference Committee Members 6
Organizing Committee 6
Preface 9
Acknowledgements 11
Our Reviewers 12
Invited Speakers 15
Contents 19
About the Editors 25
Performance Evaluation of Transparent and Non-transparent Flexible Antennas 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Antenna Design 30
3 Results and Discussion 31
4 Conclusion 33
References 33
Analyzing Frequency Spectra of Signals Generated by Chaotic DC–DC Converter and Its Application in Secure Communication 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Nonlinear Dynamics in Buck–Boost Converter 38
3 Hybrid Adaline-Prony’s Method for Frequency Spectrum Analysis 41
4 Frequency Estimation of Signals Generated by Chaotic Buck–Boost Converter 42
5 Conclusion 43
References 45
Survivability Standard Techniques Implementation in Fiber Optic Networks (SSTIFON)—An Overview 46
1 Introduction 46
2 Problem Statement 47
2.1 Fiber Layout Distribution Analysis 48
2.2 Restoration Scheme Analysis 50
3 Conclusion 53
References 54
Design and Analysis of Novel Dispersion Compensating Model with Chirp Fiber Bragg Grating for Long-Haul Transmission System 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Dispersion Compensation with CFBG 57
2.1 Principle of Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating 57
2.2 Design and Simulation of Proposed CFBG Model 58
3 Results and Discussions 60
4 Conclusion 61
References 62
External Modulation Using MZM for Visible Wavelengths 63
1 Introduction 63
2 Theory and Design Analysis 64
3 Results and Discussion 65
4 Conclusion 66
References 67
A Detailed Survey of Rectenna for Energy Harvesting: Over a Wide Range of Frequency 68
1 Background 68
2 Introduction 69
3 Rectenna Classified 70
4 Conclusion 77
References 77
Trap-Assisted Enlarged Photoresponsivity of Er-Doped In2O3 Thin Films 81
1 Introduction 81
2 Experimental Details 82
3 Results and Discussions 83
3.1 I–V Responses of the Schottky Devices 83
3.2 Responsivity and Function of Defect States 85
3.3 Photosensitivity and Temporal Responses of the Schottky Devices 86
4 Conclusion 87
References 87
Optical Wireless Hybrid Networks for 5G 89
1 Introduction 89
2 Basics of 5G 91
2.1 Technological Specifications of 5G 91
3 Why Optical Systems Required for 5G 92
3.1 Features of 5G and Its Matching Aspects with Optical Communication 92
4 Hybrid Optical Wireless Architecture for 5G 93
5 Conclusions 94
References 95
A Dual-Band Minkowski-Shaped MIMO Antenna to Reduce the Mutual Coupling 96
1 Introduction 96
2 Antenna Geometry and Analysis 98
3 Results and Discussion 98
4 Conclusions 100
References 100
A Novel EBG-Loaded Dual Band-Notched UWB Antenna 102
1 Introduction 102
2 Design and Analysis 104
3 Results and Discussion 104
4 Conclusion 110
References 110
Time-Correlated MIMO Channels Using Decision Feedback Receiver 111
1 Introduction 112
1.1 Wireless Communication: An Overview 112
1.2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 112
2 Space–Time Coding Strategies for MIMO-OFDM 114
2.1 Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) 114
3 Proposed Method 115
3.1 Convolutional Encoding 115
3.2 Trellis Diagram 115
3.3 Decoding the Convolutional Codes 118
4 Simulation Result 118
5 Conclusion 121
Link Budget Profile for Infrared FSO Link with Aerial Platform 122
1 Introduction 122
2 System Model 123
3 Performance Analysis 126
4 Link Budget Analysis 128
5 Conclusion 130
References 130
Design of Optical Quaternary Multiplier Circuit Using Polarization Switch 132
1 Introduction 133
2 Working Principles of the Proposed Scheme 133
3 Scheme of Optical Quaternary Multiplier 134
4 Discussion 139
5 Conclusion 140
References 140
Coverage Optimization of a VLC-Based Smart Room with Genetic Algorithm 141
1 Introduction 141
2 Model of Visible Light Communication System for Indoor Environment 142
2.1 VLC Channel Model for Indoor Environment 142
2.2 Lambert Index 143
2.3 VLC Received Optical Power 144
2.4 VLC SNR 144
3 Coverage Optimization of VLC 144
3.1 Power Regulator Factor of LED 144
3.2 Genetic Algorithm for Coverage Optimization 145
4 Simulation and Results 146
5 Conclusion 148
References 148
A Compact Wideband Polygon Patch Antenna for Ku-Band Applications 149
1 Introduction 149
2 Antenna Configuration 150
3 Results and Discussion 151
4 Conclusion 154
References 155
Design of Uniform Linear Practical Antenna Arrays for Ultralow 156
1 Introduction 156
2 Formulations 157
2.1 Element Pattern of Dipole 157
2.2 Element Pattern of a Rectangular Waveguide 158
2.3 Sum Patterns from an Arrays of Waveguides and Dipoles 159
3 Results 160
4 Conclusions 166
References 166
On Maximizing Blind Rendezvous Probability in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Related Work 171
3 Proposed Work 172
3.1 System Model 172
3.2 Channel-Ranking Rendezvous Procedure 172
4 Simulation and Result Analysis 174
5 Conclusion 176
References 177
Effects of Core Count and Layout on the Bending-Radius-Dependent Crosstalk Variations in Heterogeneous and Trench-Assisted Heterogeneous Multicore Fiber 179
1 Introduction 179
2 Design Parameters 181
3 Crosstalk Variations in Different Layouts of Heterogeneous and Trench-Assisted Heterogeneous MCFs 182
4 Results and Discussion 186
5 Conclusion 187
References 188
Impact of Air–Sea Interface Effects and Bubble and Particulate Scattering on Underwater Light Field Distribution: An Implication to Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System 189
1 Introduction 189
2 In Situ Data and Methodology 190
2.1 In Situ Data 190
2.2 Monte Carlo Simulation 191
3 Effects Influencing Underwater Light Field Distribution 192
3.1 Sea Surface Roughness 192
3.2 Bubble Scattering 193
3.3 Medium Inhomogeneity 193
4 Results and Discussion 194
5 Conclusion 195
References 195
Strain Resolution and Spatial Resolution Improvement of BOCDR-Based DSS System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Principle and Theory 199
2.1 BOCDR Technique 199
2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 201
3 Simulation Results and Discussions 202
4 Conclusion 206
References 208
Interference Minimized Slot Scheduling for Coexisting WBANs: Delay and Priority-Based Approach 211
1 Introduction 212
2 System Model 213
2.1 Network Model and Assumptions 213
2.2 Interference Model 214
3 Proposed Approach 216
3.1 Priority Calculation 216
3.2 Delay-Aware Priority Based Scheduling for Coexistence of WBANs 217
3.3 DAP Example 218
4 Performance Evaluation 219
4.1 Simulation Environment 220
4.2 Results and Discussions 220
5 Conclusion 222
References 223
Design and Analysis of Refractive Index Sensor Based on Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (DC-PCF) with Rectangular Air Hole Lattice Structure 225
1 Introduction 225
2 PCF Design 226
3 Simulation Results and Discussion 228
4 Conclusion 230
References 230
Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement by Optimizing Four Elements Corporate-Fed Microstrip Array for 2.4 GHz Applications 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Design 233
3 Microstrip Antenna Array Design 234
4 Simulation Results and Discussions 236
5 Conclusions 239
References 239
Speaker Identification Through Natural and Whisper Speech Signal 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Feature Extraction 241
2.1 Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) 242
2.2 Exponential Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (EFCC) 242
3 Feature Classification 243
3.1 Gaussian Mixture Model 243
3.2 K-Means Clustering 244
4 Proposed Speaker Identification Algorithm 244
4.1 Training Algorithm of Proposed Method 244
4.2 Testing Algorithm of the Proposed Method 245
5 Results 246
6 Conclusion 247
7 Future Scope 247
References 248
Design of Y-Shaped Immensely Wideband Printed Monopole Antenna with Three Notched Bands 249
1 Introduction 249
2 Antenna Design and Analysis 250
2.1 Parametric Variation Study 252
3 Results and Discussion 253
4 Conclusion 258
References 258
A Printed Ultra-wideband Monopole Antenna with Triple Band Notch Characteristics 259
1 Introduction 259
2 Antenna Design and Analysis 260
2.1 Parametric Variation Study 261
3 Results and Discussion 263
4 Conclusion 267
References 267
Parabolic Pulse Generation at 1550 nm Raman Amplifier Utilizing High Power Pump Laser 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Raman Amplifier Modeling 269
3 Simulation Setup 270
4 Conclusion 274
References 274
Performance Evaluation of Polar Code for Ultrareliable Low Latency Applications of 5G New Radio 275
1 Introduction 275
2 Channel Coding Requirements for NR-URLLC Scenario 276
3 FEC Code Candidates for NR-URLLC 277
3.1 Turbo Code 277
3.2 LDPC Code 278
3.3 Convolutional Code 278
3.4 Polar Code 279
4 Polar Code Fitness for NR-URLLC 279
5 Performance Evaluation of Polar Code Through Simulation Results for NR-URLLC 280
5.1 Performance Parameters Under Consideration 281
6 Conclusion 283
References 283
Low Confinement Loss Solid Core Rectangular Photonic Crystal Fiber 285
1 Introduction 285
2 Numerical Analysis 286
3 Conclusion 290
References 291
Integration of Contactless Power Measuring Instruments to PLC and SCADA Through Industrial Wireless Sensor Network for EMS 292
1 Introduction 292
2 Proposed Scheme for EMS 294
2.1 Measurement Scheme 294
2.2 Communication Scheme 299
2.3 Integrated Controller Scheme 302
3 Conclusion 304
References 304
An Overview of Smart Identity Cards for Educational Institutions 306
1 Introduction 306
2 History of RFID Development 307
3 Principles of Radio-Frequency Identification 308
3.1 RFID Active Tags 308
3.2 RFID Passive Tags 309
4 Comparisons Between RFID, Barcode and Quick Response Code 309
5 Online Surveilling System 311
6 Tighten Visitor’s Security 311
7 Access Control for Buildings 312
8 Conclusion 313
References 313
Design of High Birefringence with Two Zero Dispersion Wavelength and Highly Nonlinear Hybrid Photonic Crystal Fiber 314
1 Introduction 314
2 Simulation Results and Discussions 315
3 Conclusion 318
References 318
A Review on Code Families for SAC–OCDMA Systems 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Spectral Amplitude Coding (SAC) Systems 321
3 Literature Survey 322
3.1 1D Codes 322
3.2 Variable Cross-Correlation Code 324
3.3 Zero Cross-Correlation Code 324
3.4 2D Codes 325
4 Conclusion 326
References 326
OFDM over Optical Fiber 329
1 Introduction 329
2 OFDM over Optical Fiber 330
3 Simulation Setup and Results 331
4 Conclusion 333
References 334
High Contrast Ratio Based All-Optical OR and NOR Plasmonic Logic Gate Operating at E Band 336
1 Introduction 336
2 All-Optical Plasmonic OR Gate 338
3 All-Optical Plasmonic NOR Gate 339
4 Conclusion 342
References 342
Defected Ground Structure Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Defected Ground Structure (DGS) 345
3 Proposed Work 345
4 Designing of Patch 348
5 Results 349
6 Conclusion 357
References 357
Fractal MIMO Antenna for Wireless Application 358
1 Introduction 358
2 Antenna Design 359
3 Result and Discussion 360
4 Envelope Correlation Coefficient 364
5 Prototype and Measured Results 365
6 Conclusion 366
References 366
Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for UWB Application 368
1 Introduction 368
2 Antenna Design 369
2.1 Single Element Antenna with Modified Ground Plane 369
2.2 Antenna with Two Parasitic Elements and with Modified Ground Plane 371
3 Result and Discussion 371
3.1 Parametric Study 372
3.2 Optimized Antenna Array Performance 372
4 Conclusion 373
References 374
Review for Capacity and Coverage Improvement in Aerially Controlled Heterogeneous Network 375
1 Introduction 376
2 Network Model 377
2.1 Mathematical Model 378
3 Key Aspect of Network Model 380
3.1 Advantages, Applications, and Challenges of Network Model 380
4 Background and Related Work 380
5 Conclusions 384
References 385
Modified ?-Law Companding Transform for PAPR Reduction in SC-FDMA Systems 387
1 Introduction 388
2 Proposed SC-FDMA System with Companding 388
2.1 Modified µ-Law Companding 390
3 Results and Discussion 391
4 Conclusions 394
References 395
Performance Analysis of Free Space Optical Communication System Using Different Modulation Schemes over Weak to Strong Atmospheric Turbulence Channels 397
1 Introduction 397
2 System and Channel Model 399
2.1 System Model 399
2.2 Gamma–Gamma Distribution Channel Model 400
2.3 Lognormal Distribution Channel Model 400
3 Basic Modulation Techniques 401
3.1 OOK Modulation 401
3.2 QPSK Modulation 402
3.3 PPM Modulation (M-PPM) 402
4 BER and Average Channel Capacity Under Atmospheric Turbulence 402
4.1 BER Comparison of Various Modulation Techniques 402
4.2 Average Channel Capacity Comparison of Various Modulation Techniques 404
5 Simulated Results and Discussion 405
6 Conclusion 408
References 408
Investigation of Nonlinear Effects in Electronically Pattern Reconfigurable Hexagon-Shaped Loop Antenna 410
1 Introduction 410
2 Antenna Geometry and Operation 412
3 Behavior at Higher Input Power Levels 414
4 Harmonic Simulations 415
4.1 Two-Tone Simulation Setup 415
4.2 Simulation Results 415
4.3 Gain Compression Point Simulation 417
5 Conclusion 417
References 418
An Offset CPW-Fed Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Printed Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applications 419
1 Introduction 419
2 Antenna Configuration 420
2.1 Design Approach and Analysis 421
2.2 Surface Current Distributions 423
2.3 Radiation Patterns and Gain 424
3 Conclusion 425
References 425
Comparative Study of Interferometer and Ring Resonator Based Biosensors: A Review 427
1 Introduction 427
2 Interferometer-Based Optical Biosensors 428
2.1 Hartman Interferometer 428
2.2 Silicon Nitride Slot Waveguide Based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 429
2.3 Ring-Assisted Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 429
3 Ring Resonator Based Optical Biosensors 430
3.1 Polymer Microring Resonators 430
3.2 Slot Waveguide Ring Resonator 432
3.3 Double Slot Waveguide Ring Resonator 432
3.4 Hybrid Optical Sensor 432
4 Conclusion 433
References 434
A Comparative Study of Various All-Optical Logic Gates 436
1 Introduction 436
2 All-Optical Gate 437
2.1 Four-Wave Mixing 437
2.2 Cross-Gain Modulation 438
2.3 Cross-Phase Modulation 438
3 Electro-optic Effect 438
4 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 439
5 Implementation Design of Logic Gates 440
5.1 AND Gate 440
5.2 NAND Gate 441
5.3 NOR Gate 442
6 Conclusion 443
References 443
Supercontinuum Generation at 3100 nm in Dispersion-Engineered As38.8Se61.2-Based Chalcogenide Photonic Crystal Fibers 445
1 Introduction 445
2 Method of Analysis 447
3 Proposed PCFs Design and Analysis 448
4 Supercontinuum Generation in Proposed PCF 450
5 Conclusion 451
References 452
Gap Coupled Swastika-Shaped Patch Antenna for X and Ku Band Applications 454
1 Introduction 454
2 Antenna Design and Configuration 456
3 Result and Discussion 457
4 Conclusions 459
References 459
Highly Sensitive Octagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber for Ethanol Detection 461
1 Introduction 461
2 Design of PCF 462
2.1 Principle of Operations 463
3 Results and Analysis 465
4 Conclusion 469
References 469
Design and Studies of Bandstop Filters Using Modified CSRR DGS for WLAN Applications 471
1 Introduction 471
2 Design Goals and Specifications 472
3 Comparisons of Various DB-DGS 473
4 Proposed CSRR DGS Filter, Fabrication and Measurement 473
4.1 Design Parameters 475
4.2 Fabrication and Measurement 475
5 Results and Discussion 478
6 Conclusions 478
References 479
Novel Security Enhancement Technique for OCDMA and SAC OCDMA Against Eavesdropping Using Multi-diagonal Code and Gating Scheme 480
1 Introduction 480
2 Code Construction 481
3 System Design with Eavesdropper 483
4 System Design Description 484
5 Results and Discussion 486
6 Conclusion 487
7 Future Work 488
References 488
Photonic Integration Based on Liquid Crystals for Low Driving Voltage Optical Switches 490
1 Introduction 490
2 Liquid Crystal Waveguide Switches on Silicon 491
3 Liquid Crystal Waveguides Embedded in PDMS 492
4 A Zero-Gap Coupler Photonic Switch Made of LC:PDMS Waveguides 494
5 Conclusions 495
References 495
Design and Analysis of Decagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber for Liquid Sensing 497
1 Introduction 497
2 Geometry of Proposed D-PCF 498
3 Results and Numerical Analysis 499
4 Conclusion 502
References 502
Design and Implementation of Multiband Planar Antenna with DGS for Wireless Applications 504
1 Introduction 504
2 Antenna Design with Simulation Result 505
3 Simulation Results 507
4 Experimental Results 509
5 Conclusions 512
References 512
Performance of QPSK Modulation for FSO Under Different Atmospheric Turbulence 514
1 Introduction 514
2 System Description 515
2.1 Transmitter 515
2.2 Atmospheric Turbulence 517
2.3 Receiver 518
3 Numerical Results and Discussions 518
4 Conclusion 520
References 521
Multi-junction Solar Cell Based on Efficient III–V InGaP/GaAs with GaInAsP as BSF Layers 522
1 Introduction 522
2 Working of Solar Cell 523
3 Materials Used in Solar Cell 524
3.1 GaInP (Gallium Indium Phosphide) 524
3.2 InGaAsP (Aluminium Gallium Arsenide Phosphide) 524
3.3 GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) 525
4 Solar Cell Modelling 525
4.1 Device Structure 525
4.2 Different Layers Present in Solar Cell 526
4.3 Importance of GaAs as Tunnel Junction 526
4.4 Importance of GaInAsP as BSF and Window Layer 527
4.5 Electrical Modelling of Multi-Junction Solar Cell 527
5 Parameters 528
5.1 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 529
5.2 Short Circuit Current (I_sc ) 529
5.3 Open Circuit Voltage (V_oc ) 530
5.4 Fill Factor (FF) 530
5.5 Efficiency 531
6 Simulation and Results 531
7 Conclusion 532
References 533
A Brief Review on Microwave Breast Imaging Technique 534
1 Introduction 534
2 Electrical Properties of the Breast Tissues 535
3 Microwave Breast Imaging Technique 536
3.1 Active Microwave Imaging 536
3.2 Passive Microwave Imaging 537
3.3 Hybrid Microwave Imaging 537
4 Conclusion 538
References 538
Design of Planar Triple-Band Electrically Small Asymmetrical Antenna for ISM, WLAN, and X-Band Applications 540
1 Introduction 541
2 Antenna Design 542
3 Parametric Study 545
3.1 Effect of the Distance Between the Patch and the Ground (L) 545
3.2 Effect of the Feedgap (D) 546
4 Results and Discussions 547
5 Conclusions 548
References 550
Design and Study of a Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance 551
1 Introduction 551
2 Basic Principle and Numerical Modeling of PCF-SPR Sensor 552
2.1 Model 552
2.2 Principle 554
3 Results 555
4 Conclusion 558
References 558
Iterative Fourier Transform Optimization of Computer Generated Fourier Holograms 559
1 Introduction 560
2 Proposed Fourier Holographic Techniques 561
2.1 Fourier Hologram 561
2.2 Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm (IFTA) 562
2.3 Mathematical Verification 562
3 Results 562
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 564
References 567