Printed Flexible Sensors (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Flexible Sensors 11
1.2 Printed Electronics 16
1.3 Conclusion 19
1.4 The Aim of the Book 20
1.5 Research Contributions 21
References 22
2 Literature Review 26
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Sensor-Based Applications 27
2.2.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 27
2.2.2 Characterization and Properties 29
2.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 30
2.2.4 Strain Sensors 31
2.2.5 Electrical Sensors 33
2.2.6 Conclusion and Future Work 35
2.3 Graphene and Its Sensor-Based Applications 35
2.3.1 Synthesis of Graphene 37
2.3.2 Characterization and Properties 41
2.3.3 Electrochemical Sensors 46
2.3.4 Strain Sensors 50
2.3.5 Electrical Sensors 52
2.3.6 Challenges with the Current Sensors 55
2.3.7 Conclusion and Future Work 58
2.4 Wearable Flexible Sensors 60
2.4.1 Materials for Wearable Flexible Sensors 62
2.4.2 Sensor Networks for Wearable Flexible Sensors 64
2.4.3 Types of Activity Monitoring with Wearable Flexible Sensors 66
2.4.4 Challenges and Future Opportunities 70
2.5 Conclusions 72
References 72
3 Interdigitated Sensing and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 91
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Planar Interdigital Sensors 92
3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 95
3.4 Conclusions 97
References 97
4 Carbon Nanotubes-Polydimethylsiloxane Sensor 98
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches 99
4.3 Frequency Response and Stress-Strain Measurements 102
4.4 Monitoring of Physiological Parameters 104
4.4.1 Experimental Setup 106
4.4.2 Results and Discussion 107
4.4.3 Conclusion 111
4.5 Tactile Sensing 113
4.5.1 Experimental Setup 114
4.5.2 Results and Discussion 115
4.5.3 Conclusion 119
4.6 Chapter Summary 119
References 119
5 Aluminium-Polyethylene Terephthalate Sensor 122
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches 122
5.3 Frequency Response and Stress-Strain Measurements 126
5.4 Tactile Sensing 128
5.5 Chapter Summary 134
References 134
6 Graphite-Polyimide Sensor 136
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches 137
6.3 Complex Nonlinear Least Squares Curve Fitting 140
6.4 Salinity Sensing 141
6.4.1 Experimental Setup 143
6.4.2 Results and Discussion 144
6.4.3 Microcontroller-Based Sensing System 148
6.4.4 Conclusion 150
6.5 Taste Sensing 150
6.5.1 Experimental Setup 152
6.5.2 Results and Discussion 153
6.5.3 Conclusion 159
6.6 Nitrate Sensing 161
6.6.1 Experimental Setup 162
6.6.2 Comparative Analysis of Two Different Sensors 163
6.6.3 Temperature and Nitrate-N Measurement 163
6.6.4 IoT-Enabled Smart Sensing System 164
6.6.5 Results and Discussion 165
6.6.6 Conclusion 170
6.7 Chapter Summary 171
References 172
7 Graphite-Polydimethylsiloxane Sensor 176
7.1 Introduction 176
7.2 Fabrication of the Sensor Patches 177
7.3 Frequency Response and Stress-Strain Measurements 180
7.4 Strain Sensing 187
7.4.1 Experimental Setup 188
7.4.2 Results and Discussion 189
7.4.3 Conclusion 194
7.5 Force Sensing 194
7.5.1 Experimental Setup 195
7.5.2 Results and Discussion 195
7.5.3 Conclusion 196
7.6 Chapter Summary 196
References 197
8 Conclusion, Challenges and Future Work 200
8.1 Conclusion 200
8.2 Challenges of the Existing Work 201
8.3 Future Work 202
References 205