Autonomic Nervous System

Dr. Cardinali got his MD and PhD degrees at the University del Salvador, Buenos Aires. During 1971 and 1972 he was Research Assistant, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, MIT, USA. Since 1973 he is Research Career Awardee of the Argentine National Research Council, being promoted to its highest stage (Superior Investigator) in 1992. From 1986 to 2008 he was Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, being nominated as Professor Emeritus in 2010. Since 2009 he is Director of Teaching & Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina, Buenos Aires. Dr. Cardinali's fields of interest include the Physiology and Pharmacology of Biologic Rhythms and Melatonin. The most relevant awards and honors Dr. Cardinali has received include the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, New York (1977), the Curt P. Richter Prize, International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology (1983), the Doctorates "honoris causa" in Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain (1991) and University of Salamanca, Spain (1998) and the membership at the Royal Academy of Medicine, Spain (1991). In 2007 he was awarded with the Scopus Prize, Elsevier, Amsterdam, for being the most cited Argentine scientist in biomedicine, and the Bernardo Houssay Award, Argentine Government. In 2008 he received the Aaron B. Lerner Pioneer Award in Recognition of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Melatonin Research, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). Dr. Cardinali is one of the three most cited Argentinian scientists, according to the Google Scholar ranking.

Introduction.- The enlarged Autonomic Nervous System.- The timed Autonomic Nervous System.- First level: Peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.- Second level: The brainstem.- Third level: The hypothalamus.- Fourth level: The limbic system.- Clinical implications of the enlarged Autonomic Nervous System.- Clinical implications of the timed Autonomic Nervous System.