Catenary Optics (eBook)

Prof. Xiangang Luo is currently director of the State Key Lab of Optical Technologies on Nano-fabrication and Micro-engineering (SKLOTNM), and president of the Institute of Optics and Electronics (IOE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). His research interests include micro/nano-optics, plasmonics, metamaterials, sub-wavelength electromagnetics and catenary optics. He has published more than 300 scientific papers and holds 100 patents in optics and related fields. He is a fellow of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), Optical Society of America (OSA), Chinese Optical Society (COS), and International Academy of Photonics and Laser Engineering (IAPLE).

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Contents 9
1 Introduction 14
1.1 Concepts and Brief History 14
1.2 Catenary Function in Optics and Electromagnetics 27
1.2.1 The Mirage 27
1.2.2 Solar Concentrator 29
1.2.3 Optical and Quantum Tunneling 32
1.2.4 Geodesic Antenna 34
1.2.5 Wireless Energy Transfer 37
1.2.6 Accelerated Charges in Uniform Electric Fields 37
1.2.7 Coupling Between Atoms and Meta-atoms 38
1.3 Misconceptions and Controversies 43
1.3.1 FAST 43
1.3.2 Brachistochrone 43
1.3.3 Glacial Valley 45
1.3.4 Freely Supported Beam and Cantilever Beam 48
1.4 Overview of the Book 48
References 50
2 Spin-Controlled Beam Shaping with Catenary Subwavelength Structures 54
2.1 Introduction to Spin, Linear and Angular Momentum of Light 54
2.2 Spin-Momentum Locking in Free Space and Guided Waves 55
2.2.1 Guided Wave: Surface Plasmon Polaritons 56
2.2.2 Free Space: Circularly Polarized Beam at Oblique Incidence 57
2.3 Spin Hall Effect Generated by a Single Catenary Aperture 59
2.4 Integration Design of the Catenary Array 65
2.5 Wide-Angle Lenses and Airy Beam Generation 74
2.5.1 Wide-Angle Flat Lens 74
2.5.2 Airy Beam Generation Based on Cubic Phase 79
2.6 Optical Vortex and High-Order Bessel Beam Generation 82
2.6.1 Achromatic Optical Vortex 82
2.6.2 Bessel Beam Carrying Optical Vortex 84
2.7 Catenary Devices with Maximized Efficiency 90
2.7.1 Metal–Dielectric Composites 91
2.7.2 All-Metallic Catenary Meta-Mirror 93
2.7.3 All-Dielectric Catenary Devices 96
2.8 Coherent Control of the Diffraction Efficiency of Catenary Metasurface 98
References 102
3 Catenary Structures for Spin-Dependent Coupling of Waveguide Modes 106
3.1 Catenary Apertures for Unidirectional Excitation of SPP 106
3.1.1 Discrete Spin-Controlled Unidirectional Coupler 107
3.1.2 Catenary Unidirectional Coupler 112
3.2 Spin-Controlled Router for SOI Waveguide 117
3.3 Catenary-Shaped Waveguides 122
References 128
4 Catenary Plasmons for Sub-diffraction-Limited Imaging and Nanolithography 130
4.1 Catenary Optical Fields in Plasmonic Waveguides 130
4.1.1 Transfer Matrix Analysis of Metal–Dielectric Multilayer 130
4.1.2 Catenary Optical Fields as Plasmonic Eigenmodes 132
4.1.3 Catenary Plasmons in Superlens 136
4.2 Sub-diffraction-Limited Nanolithography with Planar Lens 141
4.2.1 Reflective Superlens 141
4.2.2 Plasmonic Imaging of Dense Lines 145
4.2.3 Plasmonic Imaging of Complex Patterns 148
4.3 Demagnifying Imaging Based on Curved Hyperlens 151
4.3.1 Numerical Simulation 151
4.3.2 Experimental Demonstration 154
4.4 Interference Lithography of Periodic Patterns 158
4.4.1 Normal Incidence 158
4.4.2 Oblique Incidence 160
4.5 Interference Lithography of Aperiodic Patterns 164
4.5.1 Polarization-Dependent Catenary Optical Fields 164
4.5.2 Interference of Circular Polarizations 164
4.6 Plasmonic Direct Writing Based on Catenary Plasmons 168
4.6.1 Metallic Tip 168
4.6.2 Bowtie-Shaped Nanoapertures 171
4.6.3 Virtual Scanning Tip 175
References 182
5 Catenary Plasmons for Flat Lensing, Beam Deflecting, and Shaping 185
5.1 Young’s Double Slits Interference with Unequal Widths 185
5.1.1 Far-Field EYI 186
5.1.2 Near-Field EYI 189
5.2 Wavefront Shaping via Plasmonic Slits 191
5.2.1 Plasmonic Deflector and Generalized Snell’s Law 191
5.2.2 Flat Lens Based on Plasmonic Nanoslits 195
5.2.3 Tunable Plasmonic Nanoslits Lens 198
5.3 Plasmonic Hole Lens 201
5.3.1 Rectangular Holes 201
5.3.2 Circular Holes 207
5.4 Achromatic Optical Lens Based on Nanoslits Array 211
5.5 Super-Oscillatory Metalens 215
5.6 Structural Colors and Color Holography 222
5.6.1 Structural Colors Based on Linear Dispersion of Catenary Plasmons 222
5.6.2 Structural Colors Based on Polarization Conversion 224
5.6.3 Color Holography 230
References 236
6 Beam Shaping via Microscopic Meta-surface-wave 241
6.1 Microscopic Meta-surface-wave 241
6.1.1 Catenary Theory of the Microscopic M-Waves 242
6.1.2 Application of M-Wave in Amplitude and Phase Modulation 245
6.2 All-Metallic Surface Structure for Virtual Shaping 247
6.3 Broadband Virtual Shaping via Layered Metasurfaces 257
6.4 Achromatic Skin Cloak 262
6.5 Wide-Angle Beam Steering 267
6.6 Switchable Beam Manipulation via Phase-Change Materials 275
References 281
7 Catenary Optical Fields and Dispersion for Perfect Absorption of Light 285
7.1 Critical Coupling Associated with Catenary Optical Fields 285
7.2 Broadband Absorption Based on Coupled Resonators 291
7.2.1 Structure and Generalized Impedance Theory 292
7.2.2 Fano Resonance Induced by Coupled Modes 297
7.2.3 Design of Broadband Absorbers 301
7.3 Dispersion Engineering for Broadband Metasurface Absorber 301
7.4 Catenary Dispersion Model for Broadband Absorption 309
7.4.1 Microwave Absorber 310
7.4.2 Terahertz Absorber 314
7.5 Coherent Perfect Absorption in Metallic Thin Films 318
7.6 Catenary Plasmons for Solar Cell Enhancement 325
7.6.1 Localized Field Enhancement in Plasmonic Grating 325
7.6.2 Catenary Model for the Localized Field Enhancement 327
References 331
8 Catenary Optical Fields for Thermal Emission Engineering 334
8.1 Introduction 334
8.2 Beyond Planck’s Thermal Radiation Law 338
8.2.1 Near-Field Thermal Radiation with Flat Surfaces 340
8.2.2 Near-Field Thermal Radiation with Structured Surfaces 341
8.2.3 Far-Field Super-Planckian Thermal Radiation 344
8.3 Coherent Thermal Radiation 346
8.3.1 Coherent Thermal Radiation Based on Surface Waves 346
8.3.2 Coherent Thermal Radiation in Graphene 348
8.4 Perfect Thermal Radiation 353
8.4.1 Metamaterials 353
8.4.2 Metal–Dielectric Multilayers 357
8.5 Reduction of Thermal Radiation in Pseudo-Brewster Angle 359
References 363
9 From Catenary Optics to Engineering Optics 2.0 366
9.1 Basic Laws of Traditional Engineering Optics 366
9.2 Young’s Interferences of Photons, Electrons and Coupled Plasmons 368
9.2.1 Shrunk Interference Patterns in EYI 369
9.2.2 Shifted Interference Patterns in EYI 370
9.2.3 Modulated Transmission in EYI 371
9.2.4 Extraordinary Vertical Fabry–Perot Interference 372
9.3 Generalized Optical Theories and Their Applications 373
9.3.1 Generalized Diffraction Theory Based on Catenary Optical Fields 373
9.3.2 Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction 377
9.3.3 Generalized Theory for Absorption and Radiation 379
9.4 Conclusions and Outlooks 382
References 383
Appendix A: Catenary Function for a Freely Hanging Chain 388
Appendix B: Matlab Codes for GDSII File Generation 392
Appendix C: Matlab Codes for Vectorial Diffraction 412
Appendix D: Quasi-Stationary Catenary Optical Fields 414
Appendix E: Matlab Codes for the Transfer Matrix Method 419
Appendix F: Gallery of Pictures for Catenary 422
References 428