The Nordic Seas

1. Climatology.- General Aspects of the Climatology.- Sources of Information.- Climatology in the Open-Water Areas.- Case Studies at the Ice Edge.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2. The ICE Cover.- Landfast Ice.- Occurrence and Development of Grounded Landfast Ice.- Fast Ice in Constricted Channels.- Sikussak-Fast Ice of Great Thickness.- Wave Propagation Through Fast Ice.- Mechanisms of Breakup.- Crystal-Axis Orientation in Fast Ice.- The Transition Zone.- The Offshore Zone in Northeast Greenland.- Winter and Spring Polynyas.- The Landwater Phenomenon.- Inshore Motion of the Pack in Summer.- The Moving Pack Ice.- Ice Limits in the Greenland Sea.- Ice Composition and Characteristics in the East Greenland Current.- Ice Drift in the Main Pack of the East Greenland Current.- The Ice Near Svalbard in the Barents Sea.- The Marginal Ice Zone.- Physical Processes Associated With the Ice Margin.- Geometrical Properties of Ice in the Marginal Ice Zone.- Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensing.- Problems of Modeling the Marginal Ice Zone.- References.- 3. The Physical Properties of the Sea Ice Cover.- Ice Types.- Ice Structure and Composition.- Structure.- Composition.- Suspected Difference in the Ice of the Greenland Sea.- Lack of Physical-Property Data.- Conclusions.- References.- 4. Brief Overview of the Physical Oceanography.- Bathymetry and Circulation.- Water Masses.- Deep-Water Formation.- Ocean Fronts.- Ocean Climate.- References.- 5. The Arctic Waters.- Oceanographic Studies.- Hydrographie Conditions in Winter.- Water Masses of the Arctic Domain.- Hydrography of the Arctic Domain.- The Deep Waters.- Discussion.- References.- 6. The Sound-Speed Structure.- Sound Speed in General.- Sound Speed in the Ocean.- Sound Speed in Liquids.- Sound Speed in the Nordic Basin.- Representative Profiles.- Sound-Speed Sections.- Sound Speed in Ocean Fronts.- Geographic and Seasonal Structure.- Sound Speed in Future Applications.- Appendix: Methods for Computating Sound Speed In Sea Water and Their Validities.- Equation For Sound Speed as a Function of Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure.- Transformation of Depth Values to Pressure Values.- Simple Models for Calculating Sound Speed as a Function of Depth.- Calibration of Velocimeters.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 7. Features of Fjord and Ocean Interaction.- Water Masses and Exchange Processes of Fjords.- The Esturine Circulation of Fjords.- Behavior of the Intermediate Water Masses.- External Forcing of Water Exchanges in Fjords.- Renewal of Basin Water in Fjords.- References.- 8. Tides.- Early Tidal Research.- Modern Applications of Tide Models.- Modern Ocean-Tide Research.- Harmonic Decomposition of Tides.- The Mathematical-Empirical Ocean Tide Model.- Major Features of M2 and K1 Ocean Tides.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 9. Bathymetry.- Data Base.- Previous Work.- Results.- Continental Margins.- Basins.- Midocean Ridge.- Fracture Zones.- Band of Features Between Greenland and Scotland.- Greenland-Spitsbergen Sill.- Higher Resolution Bathymetry.- Summarizing Remarks.- References.- 10. Seafloor Topography, Sediments, and Paleoenvironments.- Physiography and Morphology.- Bathymetrie Data and Charts.- The Midocean Ridge and Other First-Order Features.- Greenland.- The Reykjanes Ridge.- Iceland Shelf and Insular Slope.- Iceland.- The Iceland-Faeroe Ridge.- Kolbeinsey Ridge.- Mohns Ridge.- Knipovich Ridge.- Features North of the Knipovich Ridge.- Evidence for a Non-Steady-State Rift Valley.- Basement Asymmetry.- Extinct Spreading Axes.- The Deep Basins.- Continental Shelves and Slopes.- Echo-Character Provinces.- Small-Scale Topography.- Interactions Between Bottom Currents and the Seafloor.- Sediments and Paleoclimate.- Surface Sediments in Basins.- Iceland-Faeroe Ridge.- Surface Sediments Along Continental Margins.- Late Quaternary Sediments and Climate.- Late Quaternary Sedimentation Rates.- Paleoclimate and Sedimentation During Earlier Plio-Pleistocene Glaciations.- Origins of Climatic Changes at Scales Between 10,000 and 1,000,000 Years.- Climate and Oceanography Since the Last Ice Age.- Preglacial, Post-Mesozoic Sediments.- Structure, Thickness, and Composition of Postopening Sediments.- Physical and Chemical Properties of Subbottom Sediments.- Principles of Seismic (Acoustic) Stratigraphy.- Data Sources for the Deep Subbottom Geology of the Continental Margins.- Tertiary Seismic Stratigraphy of the Nordic Basin Margin.- Post-Caledonian Paleozoic and Mesozoic Rocks as Inferred From Seismic Stratigraphy.- Seismic (Acoustic) Speeds in Mesozoic and Older Rocks.- Salt and Other Evaporites.- Hydrocarbons.- Origin and Evolution of Epicontinental Basins.- Applicability of Quantitative Models for Evolution of Rifted Margins in the Nordic Seas.- Overview of the Caledonian Orogeny and Earlier Events.- Appendix: Plate Tectonics.- References.- 11. Geophysical and Geochemical Signatures and Plate Tectonics.- Earthquake Seismology, Seismicity and Stress.- Parameters of Interest.- Overview.- Seismicity and Stress Along the Midocean Ridge Including Iceland.- Intraplate Seismicity in the Eurasian Plate.- Intraplate Seismicity in the North American Plate.- Large Earthquakes.- Earthquake Recurrence Times.- Man-Made Seismic Disturbances.- Historic Volcanism.- Iceland.- Jan Mayen.- Recurrence Rates for Volcanic Events.- Seismic Constraints on the Structure of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle.- Surface-Wave Studies Using Earthquakes.- Historical Review of Body-Wave Studies Using Artificial Sources.- Jan Mayen.- Other Areas in the Nordic Seas.- Large Multinational Refraction Experiments.- Continental/Oceanic Crustal Boundary.- Experiment and Analysis Techniques and Recent Advances in Defining Oceanic-Crust Structure.- Magnetotellurics and Electrical Resistivity.- Resistivity Below Iceland.- Arctic Basin.- Gravity, Gravity Anomalies, and the Geoid.- Ocean Basins and Iceland.- Midocean Ridge.- Fracture Zones.- Continental Margins.- Relation of Gravity to Axial Topography and Axial Plate Thickness.- Geoid Undulations.- Relation of the Geoid to the Mantle's Seismic-Speed Structure.- Time Variations in Gravity.- Magnetic Field, Magnetic Anomalies, and Seafloor Spreading.- General Concepts of Magnetism and Geomagnetism.- General Review of Magnetic-Field Observations in the Nordic Seas.- Long-Wavelength Magnetic Anomalies Measured by Earth Satellites.- Magnetic Anomalies of Intermediate Wavelength (10 to 100 km).- Short-Wavelength Magnetic Anomalies.- Magnetic Properties of Leg 38 Cores.- Magnetic Properties of Leg 49 Cores.- Use of Magnetic Anomalies to Calculate Depths to Sources.- Magnetic Smooth Zones and Other Amplitude Variations.- Heat Flow.- Thermal Conductivity.- Measured Temperature Gradients and Conductive Heat Flow.- Palmason's Crustal-Accretion Model and Its Use for Spreading-Axis Heat Flow.- Hydrothermal Heat Flux, Water Chemistry, and Crustal Alteration.- Evidence for Temporal Fluctuations in the Temperature of Bottom Waters.- General Oceanographic Significance of Geothermal Processes in the Nordic Basin.- Igneous Geochemistry and Petrology.- Details of Basalt Chemistry.- Geochemical Transition Zones.- Correlation of Geochemical Anomalies With Geophysical/Topographic Anomalies.- Secular Variations in Basalt Chemistry.- Secular Variations in Basalt Chemistry in Relation to Possible Secular Variations in Mantle Chemistry.- Leg-38 Evidence for the Basalt Chemistry of Nordic Basin Crust.- Early Tertiary Volcanism and Possible Antecedents.- Pre-Tertiary Magmatism in the Iceland Hotspot Area.- Early Tertiary and Pre-Tertiary Volcanism in North Greenland and Svalbard.- Plate Motions.- Plate Reconstructions Based on Magnetic Lineations.- Plate-Reconstruction Problems.- Seafloor Spreading Rates Before 10 mybp.- "Geological Present" Plate Motions (Since 10 mybp).- Hotspots and Long-Term Absolute Plate Motions.- Direct Measurement Of Crustal Motions On Iceland.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Addendum.- Afterword.- Postface.- Acknowledgments.- Name Index.