Photomesic and Photonuclear Processes

Photoproduction of ?0-Mesons in Deuterium Near Threshold.- I. Short Review of Theoretical and Experimental Work on ?0-Meson Photoproduction.- 1. Meson Photoproduction on Free Nucleons.- 2. Theory of ?0-Meson Photoproduction in Deuterium.- 3. Experimental Investigations.- II. Calculations of Differential Cross Sections for ?0-Meson Photoproduction on Deuterons.- 1. Approximations Employed.- 2. Elastic Photoproduction of ?0-Mesons (?+d ? d + ?0).- 3. Inelastic Photoproduction of ?0-Mesons (?+d ? d +n+ ?0).- III. Experimental Investigations of ?0-Meson Photoproduction.- A. Measurement of Differential Cross Section by the Direction of One Decay Photon of the ?0-Meson.- B. Measurement of Differential Cross Sections at Small Angles by the Detection of Two Decay ?-Quanta.- IV. Comparison of Obtained Experimental Data for Processes ?+ d?d(pn) + ?0 with Results of Theoretical Calculations.- Conclusion.- Literature Cited.- Photoproduction of ?+-Mesons on Protons Near Threshold.- 1. Basic Ideas Regarding Pion Photoproduction on Nucleons.- 2. Investigation of Meson Photoproduction on the Basis of Dispersion Relations.- 3. Review of Experimental Work.- 4. Experimental Setup and Method.- 5. Experimental Results.- 6. Calculation of Differential Cross Sections of ?+ - Meson Photoproduction.- 7. Discussion.- Literature Cited.- Nuclear Photoeffect in Three-Particle Nuclei.- Section 1. Experimental Method.- Section 2. Results of Measurements.- 1. Yields of He3(?, p)D and He3(?, n)2p Reactions.- 2. Two-Particle Disintegration [He3(?, p)d Reaction].- 3. Three-Particle Disintegration [He3(?, n)2p Reaction].- Section 3. Rule of Sums and Dimensions of Three-Particle Nuclei.- 1. Rule of Sums for the Integral Cross Section.- 2. Rule of Sums for the Integral Cross Section Weighted with Respect to the Bremsstrahlung Spectrum.- 3. Radii of Charge Distribution in Three-Particle Nuclei.- Section 4. Comparison between Experimental Data and Theoretical Calculations of Effective Cross Sections.- 1. Two-Particle Channel for Absorption of ?-Quanta by the Nucleus.- 2. Three-Particle Disintegration of H3.- Section 5. Experimental Results of Other Authors.- 1. Two-Particle Disintegration.- 2. Three-Particle Disintegration.- Conclusions.- Literature Cited.- Study of Nuclear Reactions at High Energies by the Recoil-Nucleus Method.- I. Experimental.- 1. Method.- 2. Apparatus.- 3. Measurement.- 4. Yield and Effective Cross Sections of the Photonuclear Reactions Al27?Na24,Co59?Mn56, and P31? Na24 for ?-Quantum Energies up to 260 MeV.- 5. Yields of Recoil Nuclei from Thick Targets. Range and Angular Distributions of the Recoil Nuclei.- II. Discussion. Compound Nucleus and Evaporation.- 1. Mean-Square Momentum and Angular and Energy Distributions of Recoil Nuclei on the Model of the Compound Nucleus.- 2. Range-Energy Relation, Straggling, and Multiple Scattering of Heavy Ions. Range Distribution of Recoil Nuclei.- 3. Yield of Recoil Nuclei from Thick Targets.- 4. Comparison of Calculations with Experiment and Conclusions.- III. Discussion. Cascade Theory.- 1. General Arrangement and Initial Data of the Nuclear-Cascade Calculations.- 2. Photonuclear Cascade.- 3. Results of Calculations and Comparison with Experiment.- 4. Interaction with Correlated Groups of Nucleons.- Appendices.- Appendix I. Activation Method of Measuring the Thicknesses of Thin Films and Foils.- Appendix II. Correction for the Decay of Radioactivity in the Case of the Successive Irradiation of Several Monitors.- Appendix III. Mean-Square Momentum and Angular Distribution of Recoil Nuclei on the Compound-Nucleus Model.- Appendix IV. Energy Distributions of Recoil Nuclei on the Evaporation of Two and Three Nucleons.- Appendix V. Yield of Recoil Nuclei from Thick Targets. Effective Thickness.- Literature Cited.- A Study of the Angular Distribution of Fragments in the Photofission of Uranium Isotope U233.- Literature Cited.- Shower-Type Gamma Spectrometers, Theory and Calculation of the Principal Characteristics.- Section 1. Introduction.- Section 2. Calculation of the Mathematical Expectancy and Dispersion. Energy Resolution.- Section 3. Line Shape of the Shower Gamma Spectrometer.- Section 4. Numerical Calculation of the Characteristics of ?erenkov Gamma Spectrometers.- Section 5. Conclusions.- Literature Cited.- Determination of the Shower Efficiency of Scintillation Detectors.- Literature Cited.- A Liquid-Hydrogen Target.- Literature Cited.- Apparatus for Investigating ?+ - Meson Photoproduction.- Literature Cited.- Use of Static Characteristics of Gas-Discharge Gaps in the Design of Decatron Counting Circuits.- 1. Transfer of Discharge from Cathode to First Guide.- 2. Transfer of Discharge from First to Second Guide.- 3. Transfer of Discharge from the Second Guide to Following Cathode.- 4. Plotting the Shape of Current Pulses at the Decatron Electrodes.- 5. Resetting the Decatron to Zero.- Selection of Guide Bias Voltage.- Selection of Zero-Cathode Resistance.- Pulsed Zero Reset.- 6. The Principle of Amplitude Matching.- 7. Transistorized Decatron Scalers.- 8. Selection of Coupling and Control Circuits Ensuring Reliable Decatron Operation.- Literature Cited.- Contribution to the Design of Three-Mesh Bandpass Filters.- Literature Cited.- System for Stabilizing the Supply Current of an Electromagnet.- 1. Requirements Laid on the Supply System.- 2. Voltage-Stabilizing System for the DC Generators.- 3. DC Amplifier for the Comparison Circuit and the Suppression of Pulsations.- Literature Cited.