Treatise on Heavy Ion Science

1. Heavy-Ion Atomic Physics-Theoretical.- 1. General Introduction.- 2. Quantum Electrodynamics of Strong Fields.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. The Dirac Equation with an External Potential.- 2.3. Supercritical Electron States.- 2.4. Radiative Corrections.- 3. Theory of Electronic Excitations.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. The Semiclassical Theory.- 3.3. Excitations of the Many-Electron System.- 3.4. Special Approaches.- 4. Theory of Inner Shell Excitation.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Atomic Models.- 4.3. Molecular Models.- 4.4. Electron Excitation in Superheavy Systems.- 4.5. Strong Collisional Magnetic Fields.- 4.6. High-Energy Collisions.- 5. Molecular Orbital X-Ray Radiation.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Theory: S-Matrix Formulation.- 5.3. Theory: Field Theoretical Formalism.- 5.4. The Angular Distribution.- 5.5. Selected Results.- 6. Positron Creation in Heavy-Ion Collisions.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Dynamical Theory of Supercritical Collisions.- 6.3. Results.- 6.4. Discussion.- 7. Atomic Physics and Nuclear Reactions.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Interference Effects.- 7.3. Compound Nucleus X-Rays.- 7.4. Positron Creation.- Note Added in Proof.- References.- 2. High-Energy Atomic Physics-Experimental.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope of Review.- 1.2. Excitation Mechanisms.- 1.3. Quasimolecular Phenomena.- 1.4. Superheavy Quasiatoms.- 1.5. The Unstable Vacuum.- 1.6. Recent Experiments.- 1.7. Organization of Discussion.- 2. The Quasimolecule.- 2.1. General Features of the Quasimolecular Model.- 2.2. Coupling Mechanisms.- 2.3. ls? Excitation in Very-Heavy Collision Systems.- 3. X-Ray Spectroscopy.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Experimental Considerations.- 3.3. X Rays from Lighter Collision Systems.- 3.4. X Rays from Heavy Collisions.- 3.5. Other X-Ray Measurements.- 4. Delta-Electron Spectroscopy.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Qualitative Features of Delta-Electron Spectra.- 4.3. Delta-Electron Spectrometers.- 4.4. Selected Results.- 5. Positron Spectroscopy with Heavy-Ion Collisions; Search for the Decay of the Vacuum.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Positron Emission Mechanisms.- 5.3. Positron Spectrometers.- 5.4. Experimental Results.- 6. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3. Beam-Foil Spectroscopy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Beam-Foil Light Source.- 3. Experimental Methods.- 3.1. Accelerators.- 3.2. Spectrometers and Detectors.- 3.3. Targets.- 4. Atomic Energy Level Studies.- 4.1. Experimental Problems.- 4.2. Results of Spectral Studies.- 5. Lifetime Measurements.- 5.1. Experimental Problems.- 5.2. Experimental Modifications.- 5.3. Special Methods.- 5.4. Results of Lifetime Measurements.- 6. Quantum-Beat Experiments.- 6.1. General Comments.- 6.2. Zero-Field Oscillations.- 6.3. Stark Beats.- 6.4. Zeeman Beats.- 7. Lamb-Shift Experiments.- 8. Applications of Beam-Foil Results.- 8.1. Atomic Theory.- 8.2. Astrophysics.- 8.3. Plasma Physics and Fusion Research.- 9. Excitation Mechanisms.- 9.1. Energy Level Populations.- 9.2. Coherence, Orientation, and Alignment.- Note Added in Proof.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Note Added in Proof (Chapter 1).