Marine Mussels

Elizabeth Gosling, PhD, DSc, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Ireland, is an author of international repute with a huge wealth of research, teaching and hands-on experience of working with bivalves, specifically marine mussels.

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xiii

1 Phylogeny and Evolution of Marine Mussels 1

Introduction 1

Phylogeny of the Phylum Mollusca 1

Phylogeny and Evolution of Bivalvia 3

Evolution and Adaptive Radiation in Bivalvia 5

Phylogeny and Evolution in the Mytilida 8

Significant Evolutionary Developments in the Family Mytilidae 11

Notes 15

References 16

2 Functional Morphology 21

Introduction 21

Shell 21

Mantle 29

Gills 31

Foot 34

Labial Palps 40

Alimentary Canal 40

Gonads 43

Heart and Haemolymph Vessels 43

Excretory Organs 44

Nerves and Sensory Receptors 45

References 47

3 Ecology of Marine Mussels 56

Introduction 56

Global and Local Distribution Patterns 57

Factors Affecting Geographic Distribution 64

Factors Affecting Local Distribution 69

Climate Change and Potential and Observed Impacts on Marine Mussels 102

Notes 116

References 116

4 Particle Processing and Nutrient Utilisation 141

Introduction 141

Filtration and Clearance Rates 141

Particle Processing on the Gills and Labial Palps and in the Stomach 157

Alimentary Canal and Digestive Process 174

Absorption Efficiency 191

Impacts of Mussels on Marine Ecosystems 194

Notes 198

References 199

5 Reproduction, Larval Development, Dispersal and Recruitment 219

Introduction 219

Sex Identification 219

Doubly Uniparental Inheritance and Sex Determination 221

Gametogenesis 222

Reproductive Cycles 225

Factors Controlling Reproduction 235

Reproductive Effort and Fecundity 242

Fertilisation and Gamete Compatibility 245

Larval Development 247

Factors Affecting Larval Growth 249

Larval Dispersal and Population Connectivity 253

Settlement, Metamorphosis and Post-Larval Dispersal 259

Recruitment 263

Notes 267

References 267

6 Growth 296

Introduction 296

Measurement of Absolute Growth 296

Measurement of Allometric Growth 307

Scope for Growth and Dynamic Energy Budget Models 311

Growth Modulators 317

Notes 338

References 338

7 Physiology of the Circulatory, Respiratory and Excretory Systems 357

Cardiovascular System 357

Respiratory System 365

Excretory System 388

Notes 400

References 400

8 Mussels and Marine Environmental Contaminants 414

Introduction 414

Contaminants in the Marine Environment 416

Contaminant Levels in Seawater, Sediments and Biota 444

Kinetic Modeling in Contaminant Bioaccumulation 448

Mussel Monitoring Programmes 460

Biological Markers of Pollution 471

Notes 486

References 487

9 Population Genetics, Genomics and Selective Breeding 515

Introduction 515

Population Genetics 516

Mussel Genomics 553

Quantitative

Genetics 567

Notes 578

References 579

10 Mussel Culture 603

Introduction 603

Wild Seed Collection 604

Hatchery Culture of Seed and Juvenile Mussels 605

Hatchery Culture of Mussels 615

Mussel Culture 630

Mussel Culture and the Environment 645

An Ecosystem Approach to Bivalve Culture 653

Notes 657

References 657

11 Diseases, Parasites and the Immune Response 675

Introduction 675

Viruses 675

Bacteria 677

Fungi 678

Protistans 682

Porifera 692

Platyhelminths 694

Annelids 703

Crustaceans 704

Neoplasia 711

Defence Mechanisms 714

Signal Transduction Pathways 725

Abiotic Effects on Mussel Immune Response 726

Notes 727

References 727

12 Mussels and Public Health 753

Introduction 753

Bacterial Infections 753

Viral Infections 759

Parasites 763

Biotoxins 766

Industrial Pollutants 779

Controls on the Production and Processing of Mussels and Other Bivalves 784

Monitoring and Quality Control 798

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point and its Application 800

Notes 805

References 805

Species Index 831

Subject Index 838