Advances in Polymer Sciences and Technology (eBook)

Bhuvanesh Gupta is a Professor at the Department of Textile Technology at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi. He completed his M. Phil. and PhD at Vikram University, Ujjain, India and IIT Delhi respectively. He worked as a scientist at various institutions in Switzerland, France and Sweden before returning to IIT Delhi as a faculty member. His research interests include modification of polymers, membranes, medical textiles, biomaterials and tissue engineering. Prof Gupta has authored 8 books and more than 170 research papers, holds 25 patents, and serves on the editorial boards of 7 international journals.Prof. A. K. Ghosh is a Professor and Head of the Centre for Polymer Science & Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He has over 29 years of research and teaching experience, and holds 7 patents. He is known for his accomplishments in the field of polymer processing and rheology, and has significantly contributed in the areas of reactive processing of polymer blends and alloys, polymer packaging and microcellular processing of polymeric materials. He obtained an M.Tech in Chemical Engineering from IIT Kanpur, India and a Ph.D in Chemical Engineering from the State University of New York at Buffalo, USA. He worked as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Pittsburgh, USA before joining IIT Delhi in 1991. He is a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India and a recipient of numerous prestigious awards, including Meritorious Service Award by the Indian Plastics Institute, Mumbai, India, the IIT Delhi Teaching Excellence Award. He also held the prestigious Reliance Chair Professorship at IIT Delhi from 2006 to 2011. He is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Packaging Technology and Research and is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Plastics Film & Sheeting and International Journal of Plastics Technology.Atsushi Suzuki is a Professor at the Division of Artificial Environment and Information at Yokohama National University, Japan. He completed his PhD in Engineering at the University of Tokyo. His research interests gel science and technology, smart hydrogels and ecomaterials.Sunita Rattan is a Professor and Additional Director at the Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. She completed her MSc and PhD in Organic Chemistry at Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India. She has more than 20 years of research and teaching experience, and her research interests include nanocomposites, smart hydrogels, chemiresistive sensors, and polymer/fly ash composites. Prof.Rattan has filed 11 patents and has authored 5 books and more than 45 scientific papers in respected journals and conferences.

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 11
Designing and Nanofunctionalization of Infection-Resistant Polyester Suture 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Experimental 14
2.1 Materials 14
2.2 Development of PET Monofilament 15
2.3 Plasma Functionalization of PET Monofilament 15
2.4 Determination of Carboxyl Content 15
2.5 Triclosan Immobilization on the Functionalized PET Filament 15
2.6 Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) 16
2.7 Mechanical Studies of PET Suture 16
2.8 Surface Topography of PET Suture 16
2.9 Antimicrobial Study 16
3 Results and Discussion 17
3.1 Plasma Functionalization 17
3.2 Characterizations 19
3.3 Bacterial Adherence on PET Suture 20
4 Conclusion 22
References 23
Mandelic Acid Incorporated Antimicrobial Soy Protein Film Fabricated by Solution Casting 25
1 Introduction 25
2 Materials and Methods 26
2.1 Materials 26
2.2 Preparation of Soy Protein Isolate Film 27
2.3 Preparation of Mandelic Acid Incorporated SPI Films 27
2.4 Antimicrobial Studies 27
2.5 Characterizations 28
3 Results and Discussion 28
4 Conclusions 30
References 30
Structural and Morphological Analysis of Newly Synthesized CuO@Alginate Nanocomposite with Enriched Electrical Properties 32
1 Introduction 33
2 Experimental Details 33
2.1 Synthesis of Copper Oxide and Copper Oxide Nanocomposite with Alginate 33
2.2 Characterization Techniques 35
3 Results and Discussion 35
3.1 Structural and Morphological Analysis 35
3.2 Dielectrical Analysis 35
4 Conclusions 37
References 38
Synthesis of Lysine Mimicking Membrane Active Antimicrobial Polymers 40
1 Introduction 40
2 Materials and Methods 42
2.1 Materials 42
2.2 Methods 42
3 Results and Discussion 45
4 Conclusion 47
References 48
Antibacterial Activity of Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) Grafted Polystyrene Surface 49
1 Introduction 49
2 Material and Methods 50
2.1 Materials 50
2.2 Bacterial Strain and Media 51
2.3 Peptide 51
2.4 Antibacterial Activity of CKLR in Solution 51
2.5 CKLR Immobilization on Modified Microwells 52
2.6 Antibacterial Activity Determination of CKLR Immobilized PS Surface (PS-MAL-CKLR) 52
2.7 Surface Segregation of Peptide 53
3 Results 53
3.1 Antibacterial Activity of Soluble CKLR 53
3.2 Antibacterial Activity of Immobilized CKLR 53
3.3 Surface Segregation of Peptide 54
4 Conclusion 55
References 55
Novel Polymeric Adsorbent for the Remediation of Cu(II) Ions from Water 57
1 Introduction 58
2 Experimental 59
2.1 Materials and Method 59
2.2 Preparation of Solution of Adsorbate 59
2.3 Studies of Adsorption Experiment 59
3 Result and Discussion 60
3.1 Adsorption Behavior of the Composite Polyaniline/Sn(IV) Phosphate Composite Towards Heavy Metals Ions 60
3.2 Effect of Contact Time and Initial Concentration 62
3.3 Effect of pH 62
3.4 Effect of Doses 63
3.5 Kinetics of Adsorption 64
3.6 Thermodynamic Studies 67
3.7 Adsorption Isotherm 68
4 Conclusion 71
References 72
Artificial Neural Network Modeling to Predict Bacterial Attachment on Composite Biopolymeric Scaffold 74
1 Introduction 75
2 Materials and Methods 76
2.1 Methods 76
2.2 Determination of Input Parameters 76
2.3 Bacterial Adherence Activity 77
2.4 Design Matrix 77
2.5 Artificial Neural Network Modeling 79
2.6 Evaluation of Model Predictability of Neural Network 79
3 Result and Discussions 80
4 Conclusion 81
References 82
Triboelectric-Based Kinetic Energy Harvesting Using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 84
1 Introduction 84
1.1 Principle 85
2 Metal-to-Dielectric Triboelectric Energy Harvester 86
3 Experimental Results 87
4 Conclusions 88
References 89
Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Epoxy Composite Based on Hybrid BN and Graphite Particulate Conductive Fillers and Effect of Hybrid Sample Thickness (t) and Filler Fraction on Thermal Resistance (R) and Thermal Conductivity (k) 91
1 Introduction 92
2 Experimental Setup 93
2.1 Materials 93
2.2 Adhesive Composite Preparation 93
2.3 Specimen Size 94
2.4 Characterization 94
3 Results and Discussion 95
3.1 Thermal Conductivity (k) 95
3.2 Morphology Study 97
3.3 Thermal Resistance (R) 97
4 Conclusion 102
References 102
Stabilization Studies of Epoxidized Soybean Oil Plasticized PVC Films in the Presence of Beta-Diketone Additives 104
1 Introduction 105
2 Experimental 105
2.1 Materials 105
2.2 Synthesis of Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESBO) 106
2.3 Preparation of PVC Sheets 106
2.4 Sample Characterization and Testing 108
3 Results and Discussion 108
4 Conclusions 114
References 117
Multifunctional Compatibilizer for Polypropylene Blends with PMMA and EVA 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Experimental 120
2.1 Synthesis of Multifunctional Compatibilizer (MFC) 120
2.2 Blending of PP-PMMA and PP-EVA with MFC 120
2.3 Determination of Cloud Point 120
2.4 Optical Microscopy to Study the Effect of Compatibilizer (MFC) 121
2.5 Melt Flow Index of the Blend Composition of PP-PMMA with Varying Percentage of MFC 122
2.6 DSC to Study Effect of MFC on Crystallinity 122
3 Results and Discussion 122
4 Conclusions 126
References 128
Development of Hybrid Composites and Joining Technology for Lightweight Structures 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Experimental 131
2.1 Materials 131
2.2 Methods 131
3 Results and Discussion 131
3.1 Optimization of Blast Pressure 131
3.2 Adhesion Strength 134
3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 134
4 Conclusions 134
References 137
Starch–Chitosan Blend Cross-Linked with Calcium Chloride 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Experimental Setup: Preparation of Starch–Chitosan Blends/Films 139
2.1 Polymers and Reagents 139
2.2 Preparation of Chitosan–Starch and Calcium Chloride Solutions 139
2.3 Preparation of Chitosan–Starch Films Cross-Linked with Calcium Chloride 139
3 Characterization 140
3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Studies 140
4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 143
5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 143
5.1 TGA of Pure Chitosan 143
5.2 TGA of Pure Starch 144
5.3 TGA of Starch–Chitosan Blend Cross-Linked with CaCl2 146
6 Swelling Property 147
7 Antibacterial Assay 148
7.1 Antibacterial Activity of Polymeric Blend 148
8 Conclusion 149
References 150
Titania–Gelatin-Based Nanohybrids: A Versatile Material for Removal of Organic Dyes (Congo Red, Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Methylene Blue) from Aqueous Solution 151
1 Introduction 153
2 Experimental 154
2.1 Materials 154
2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Gelatin–Titania-Based Hybrid Material 154
2.3 Characterization of Titania and Gelatin-Based Hybrid Material 155
2.4 Parameters Optimization of Adsorption Experiments 155
2.5 Reusability Studies 156
2.6 Kinetic Modelling 157
2.7 Adsorption Isotherm Modelling 157
2.8 Thermodynamic Studies 158
3 Results and Discussion 159
3.1 Characterization Studies 159
3.2 Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Dye Adsorption 163
3.3 Evaluation of Thermodynamic Parameters 167
3.4 Comparison of Kinetic Studies 168
3.5 Comparison of Isotherm Studies 171
3.6 Reusability, Maximum Adsorption Capacity (MAC) and Photocatalytic Degradation of the Loaded Dyes 174
4 Conclusions 174
References 177
Development of CNT–Polymer Film-Based Electrode for the Detection of Glucose 181
1 Introduction 182
2 Materials and Methods 183
2.1 Reagents and Solutions 183
2.2 Development of Different Functional Groups on MWCNTs and Electrode Preparation 183
2.3 GOx Immobilization on CNT–Polymer-Based Film Electrode and Characterization 183
2.4 Electrochemical Measurement 184
3 Results and Discussion 184
3.1 Morphological Study of Functionalized MWCNT and Fabricated MWCNT Electrodes 184
3.2 Cyclic Voltammetric (CV) Analysis 186
4 Conclusion 188
References 188
Formulation and Characterization of Poly (D, L-Lactide-Co-glycolide) Nanoparticles Loaded with Achyranthes aspera for Increasing Bioavailability 191
1 Introduction 192
2 Materials and Methods 192
2.1 Preparation of Achyranthes aspera Extract 193
2.2 Preparation of Achyranthes aspera-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles 193
2.3 Evaluation of Morphology of Nanoparticles by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 194
2.4 X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) 194
2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 194
2.6 Determination of Achyranthus aspera Entrapment 194
2.7 In Vitro Drug Release Studies 195
3 Results and Discussion 195
3.1 Evaluation of Morphology and Determination of Nanoparticles Size 195
3.2 XRD Studies 196
3.3 FTIR of Achyranthes aspera-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles 197
3.4 In Vitro Release of Drug from Achyranthes aspera-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles 197
4 Conclusion 198
References 198
Anticancer Drug-Loaded Folate-Conjugated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes 200
1 Introduction 201
2 Materials 202
2.1 Purification 202
2.2 Cutting and Oxidation 202
2.3 Synthesis of Folate-Conjugated MWCNTs 202
2.4 Drug Loading 203
2.5 Evaluation Parameters of Raw and Various Functionalized MWCNTs [16, 20, 21] 203
3 Results and Discussion 205
4 Conclusion 212
References 212
Efficient Extraction of Antioxidants and Lubricants from Commercial Polypropylene Pellets and Their Quantification Using HPLC 214
1 Introduction 214
2 Experimental Setup 215
2.1 Materials 215
2.2 Equipment 216
2.3 Extraction 216
2.4 HPLC Experiments 216
3 Results and Discussions 217
3.1 Chemical Structures of Additives/Analytes 217
3.2 UV–Vis Absorption of Analytes 217
3.3 Extraction of the Analytes 218
3.4 HPLC Separations 219
4 Conclusions 221
References 222
Polymer Nanocomposites: Modification Through Swift Heavy Ions 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Experimental 225
2.1 Materials 225
2.2 Synthesis of Nanographite 225
2.3 Synthesis of PMMA/NGP Films 225
2.4 Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite Supercapacitors 226
3 Results and Discussion 226
4 Electrical Measurements 227
5 Electrochemical Study 228
6 Conclusion 229
References 230
Homopolymer, Copolymers, and Terpolymer Synthesis Via Esterification-Cum-Addition of N-Substituted Phthalimide with Acrylates: Studies on Influences of Macromolecule Compositions on Thermal and Microbial Performances 232
1 Introduction 233
2 Experimental 234
2.1 Materials 234
2.2 Monomer Synthesis 234
2.3 Polymer Synthesis 235
2.4 Polymerization Yield 235
2.5 Instrumentation 236
3 Result and Discussion 238
3.1 Physical Properties 238
3.2 Solubility 238
3.3 Spectral Analysis 239
3.4 Molecular Weight 240
3.5 Thermal Analysis 241
3.6 Antimicrobial Assessments 243
4 Conclusions 245
References 246