Modelling and Simulation in Science, Technology and Engineering Mathematics (eBook)

Surajit Chattopadhyay has obtained B. Sc. Degree in Physics Honours from Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandir (Belur Math), University of Calcutta in 1998, and then B. Tech., M. Tech. & Ph. D. (Technology) Degree in electrical engineering from Department of Applied Physics of University of Calcutta in 2001, 2003, 2010 respectively. He has obtained CEng from Engineering Council, UK in 2013. He has authored/coauthored around hundred papers published in international and national journals and conferences and four books (also with Springer). Seven papers have been selected as “Best Paper” in international level. He has visited many countries for technical interaction like in Lyon (France), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Dhaka (Bangladesh), London & Stevenage (UK) and Negombo (Sri Lanka) and presented his work in different international forums. Presently, he served as Dean (Student Welfare), Academic Coordinator and Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering in Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology (under Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India). He served as Hon. Secretary of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (UK), Kolkata Network from 2013 to 2016 and now Executive Committee Member of the Network. His field of interest includes electric power quality, fault diagnosis, power system protection, signal analysis, robotics application and UAV.   Tamal Roy received his Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering and Master of Technology in Mechatronics Engineering from West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata in 2005 and 2008 respectively. In 2008, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at Hooghly Engineering and Technology College as a Lecturer. Since 2011, he has been working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, MCKV Institute of Engineering. He was awarded his PhD in 2016 in Robust Control oriented LFT modelling of nonlinear MIMO System from Jadavpur University. His current research interests include modelling and the robust control of the non-linear systems, model reference adaptive control etc   Samarjit Sengupta holds a B.Sc, B.Tech, M.Tech, and Ph.D from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India. He is currently a professor of electrical engineering in the Department of Applied Physics at the University of Calcutta. He has published 130 journal papers and eight books on various topics of electrical engineering. His main research interests include power quality instrumentation, power system stability, and security and power system protection. He is a fellow of IET and IETE, as well as a senior member of IEEE. He is former Chairman of IET (UK) Kolkata Network.   Christian Berger-Vachon was born in Lyon, France, in 1944. He received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Lyon, France, in 1965, got an engineering degree in Lyon (INSA 1967), a Ph.D. degree in Sciences from the university of Lyon, in 1975 and a MD Degree in 1980. In 1974, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Lyon, as a Lecturer, and in 1989 he was named Professor. He was given the title of emeritus Professor in 2013 and since then allowed to continue his research activity in the university. His current research interests include signal processing in electrical machines and in hearing aid devices, and also the construction of models in close connection with the patients’ behavior. He is also involved in sports mechanics and in sports medicine. He is the General Secretary of AMSE, an international association concerned with the edition of scientific journals and with the organization of scientific conferences throughout the world. He is the vice-chairman of IFRATH a French Association concerned with the use of assistive devices for handicapped people. He was the recipient of the “Academic Palms” awarded by the French government for his academic career in 2014.

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 14
Fuzzy, Optical and Opto Electronics Control of Oscillations 16
Studies of Optical Properties of RF Magnetron Sputtered Deposited Zinc Oxide Films 17
1 Introduction 17
2 Experiment and Results 17
3 Conclusion 20
References 21
Effect of Transmission Delay in a Modified Hybrid Long Loop Phase Lock Loop 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Theoretical Analysis 23
3 Results and Discussions 24
4 Conclusion 26
References 27
Comparative Study of Single Loop OEO Using Static and Dynamic Band Pass Filter 28
1 Introduction 28
2 System Equation of OEO 30
3 Experimental Results and Discussion 32
4 Conclusion 36
References 37
A Study on the Effect of an External Periodic Signal in a Chaotic Optoelectronic Oscillator 39
1 Introduction 39
2 Derivation of System Equation 40
3 Numerical Analysis 43
4 Simulation Study Using MATLAB Simulink Software 44
5 Conclusion 46
References 47
Computation of Current Density in Double Well Resonant Tunneling Diode Using Self-consistency Technique 49
1 Introduction 49
2 Mathematical Modeling 50
3 Results and Discussions 51
4 Conclusion 55
References 56
Computation of Electrical Parameters for Single-Gate High-K Nanoscale MOSFET with Cylindrical Geometry 58
1 Introduction 58
2 Mathematical Modeling 59
3 Results and Discussions 60
4 Conclusion 61
References 64
Power System 65
Fault Diagnosis in Isolated Renewable Energy Conversion System Using Skewness and Kurtosis Assessment 66
1 Introduction 66
2 Wind Energy Conversion System Under Analysis 67
3 Theoretical Backgrounds 67
4 Determination of MRA of DWT Coefficients at Normal and Fault 69
5 Determination of Skewness and Kurtosis Values at Normal and Fault 70
6 Feature Extraction 75
7 Conclusion 75
References 80
FFT Based Harmonic Assessment of Line to Ground Fault in 14 Bus Microgrid System 81
1 Introduction 81
2 Microgrid Modelling 82
3 Fault Simulation 82
4 Harmonic Assessment and Results 83
5 Observation 83
6 Rule Set 91
7 Specific Outcome 92
8 Conclusion 92
References 93
Harmonics Assessment Based Symmetrical Fault Diagnosis in PV Array Based Microgrid System 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Modeling of 400 KW PV Array Based Micro Grid 97
3 FFT Based Harmonics Assessments of Line Current 98
3.1 Normal Condition 98
3.2 Fault Condition (LLL) 98
3.3 Fault Condition (LLLG) 98
4 Comparative Study 99
5 Outcome 100
6 Conclusion 101
References 106
Optimal Design of KVAr Based SVC for Improvement of Stability in Electrical Power System 108
1 Introduction 108
2 Theory 110
2.1 Use of SVC in Transmission Line 110
2.2 Traditional Operation of SVC 112
3 Proposed Methodology of SVC 113
4 Development of Relation Between KVAr and SHUNT Compensation by Simulation 113
5 Development of MATLAB Model 116
6 Description of the Blocks (with Svc and with Out Svc) 116
6.1 Parameters 116
6.2 Power Tab 117
6.3 Nominal Voltage and Frequency 117
6.4 Three-Phase Base Power 117
6.5 Reactive Power Limits 118
6.6 Susceptance Brief 119
6.7 Reference 119
6.8 Simulation and Case Study 120
6.9 Case Study 120
7 Conclusion 121
References 123
An Improved Reactive Power Compensation Scheme for Unbalanced Four Wire System with Low Harmonic Injection Using SVC 125
1 Introduction 125
2 Proposed Compensation Model Using Symmetrical Component Approach 126
2.1 Control Scheme 129
3 Proposed GSA Based Harmonic Minimization 130
4 Simulation Results 132
4.1 Dynamic Response of the System Without and with Proposed Compensator 133
4.2 Dynamic Response of the System Under Sudden Load Change 135
5 Conclusion 135
References 136
A Comprehensive Review on Distribution System 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Distribution Network Reconfiguration 139
2.1 Introduction to Distribution System Reconfiguration 139
2.2 A Review on Distribution System Reconfiguration 139
3 Load Flow Studies on Distribution System 141
3.1 Load Flow Approach in DS Due to a Different Topology 141
3.2 A Review on Load Flow Methods on Distribution Systems 141
4 Impact of Renewable Energy on Distribution System 142
4.1 Renewable Energy—An Alternative for a Clean and Reliable Distribution System 142
4.2 A Review on Renewable Energy Based Distribution Systems 143
5 Effect of Demand Response on Distribution System 144
5.1 Demand Response and Its Objective 144
5.2 A Review on Performance of Distribution System with Demand Response 144
6 Conclusion 145
References 145
Solution of Multi-objective Combined Economic Emission Load Dispatch Using Krill Herd Algorithm with Constraints 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Overview of Economic Emission Load Dispatch Problems 151
3 Overview of Krill Herd Algorithm and Teaching Learning Based Optimization Algorithm 152
4 Implementation of KH Algorithm to Economic-Emission Load Dispatch Problem 154
5 Simulation Results with Discussions 155
6 Conclusion 157
References 159
Classification of Crossover Faults and Determining Their Location in a Double Circuit Power Transmission System with Multiple Sources 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Simulation of Faults and the System Under Study 161
3 Discrete S-Transform (DST) 162
4 Feature Extraction from the S-Matrix and Regression 163
4.1 Polynomial Regression 165
5 Fault Classification and Determination of Fault Location 165
5.1 Fault Classification 167
5.2 Determination of Fault Location 167
5.3 Implementation of Noisy Signals 169
6 Conclusion 169
References 171
Optimal Value of Excitation of Self-excited Induction Generators by Simulated Annealing 173
1 Introduction 173
2 Excitation of Self-excited Induction Generator (SEIG) 174
3 Simulated Annealing 175
4 Variables 175
5 Objective Function 175
6 Case Study 178
7 Conclusion 178
Appendix: Constants of Objective Function for 4 kW Machine 180
References 180
Different Setting of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Its Effect on Performance of Distance Relay 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Proposed Model 182
2.1 Model of Transmission Line with UPFC 182
2.2 STATCOM and SSSC Model Using 48-Pulse VSC 183
2.3 Apparent Impedance Calculation for Distance Relay 184
2.4 Relay Model 187
3 Result Analysis 187
3.1 Statcom Results 188
3.2 SSSC Results 189
3.3 UPFC Results 190
4 Conclusion 191
References 192
Assessment of Discrimination Between Fault and Inrush Condition of Power Transformer by Radar Analysis and Wavelet Transform Based Kurtosis and Skewness Analysis 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Model for Simulation of Inrush and Fault Current of Power Transformer 195
3 Wavelet Transform (WT) Analysis 195
4 Assessment of Inrush, Normal and Fault with Inrush Condition of Power Transformer 197
4.1 Results and Observation of Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) 197
4.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) 198
4.3 Radar Analysis 201
5 Algorithm of Assessment of Different Conditions of Power Transformer 203
6 Specific Outcome 203
7 Conclusion 204
References 204
SCADA Based Real Time Reactive Power Compensation Scheme for Assessment and Improvement of Voltage Stability in Power System 206
1 Introduction 206
2 Concept of Proposed Methodology 207
3 Simulation 209
4 Closed Loop Feedback Algorithm 211
5 Conclusion 211
References 212
Energy 213
Solar Photovoltaic Power Supply to Utility Grid and Its Synchronization 214
1 Introduction 214
2 DC-DC Converter 215
2.1 Boost Converter 216
2.2 Full Bridge High Frequency Converter 220
3 Grid Connected Inverter with Filter 221
4 Control Technique of GTI Switching Devices 221
4.1 Subtractor 221
4.2 Comparator 222
4.3 Demultiplexer 222
5 Latest Trends and Scope of Future Developments 223
6 Conclusion 223
References 223
Optimum Sizing and Economic Analysis of Renewable Energy System Integration into a Micro-Grid for an Academic Institution—A Case Study 225
1 Introduction 225
2 System Description 226
2.1 Solar Radiation Data 228
2.2 Wind Resource 228
2.3 Electrical Load Analysis 230
3 HOMER Simulation Model 230
4 Results and Discussion 231
5 Conclusion 233
References 235
Modelling and Simulation of Solar Cell Under Variable Irradiance and Load Demand 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Photovoltaic System 238
2.1 Single Diode Model 238
2.2 Solar Cell Module and Array Model 241
2.3 Characteristic Curves of Solar Cell 244
2.4 Effect of Ambient Irradiance and Temperature 244
3 Results 245
3.1 Analysis with Various Irradiance and Load Demand Values 246
4 Conclusion 250
References 251
Power Management of Non-conventional Energy Sources Connected to Local Grid 252
1 Introduction 252
2 Simple Block Diagram 252
3 Interconnected Overall Simulink Model 253
3.1 Induction Machine Model 253
3.2 Turbine Model 256
3.3 Solar Panel Model 256
3.4 Boost Converter Model 258
3.5 Three Phase Inverter Model 259
3.6 Voltage Grid and Load Model 259
4 Operation Results of Model 260
4.1 Operation of Model Without Active Power Control 260
4.2 Operation of Model with Active Power Control 261
5 Conclusion 263
References 264
Smart Coordination Approach for Power Management with PEV Based on Real Time Pricing 265
1 Introduction 265
2 Theory 267
2.1 Electric Vehicles and Distribution Networks 267
2.2 State Space Modeling of Power Network Including PEVs 268
3 Problem Statement 268
4 Simulation and Result 269
4.1 Clustering of LDCs Through Price Depending Zone-Clustering Algorithm 270
4.2 Preparation of Generation-Demand Schedule with PEV Charging-Discharging Plan 271
4.3 Demand Response of the Power Market with PEV Charging and Discharging Schedule 272
4.4 Cost Evaluation to Estimate the Economical Benefits of Power Consumer 272
4.5 Applicability of Proposed Algorithm to Maintain Standard Operational Constraints 274
5 Conclusion 274
References 275
Fault Analysis in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System 278
1 Introduction 278
2 System Description 280
3 Mathematical Techniques Used for Fault Analysis 280
3.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 280
3.2 Inter-harmonics Group Analysis 281
3.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) Analysis 281
3.4 Skewness 282
3.5 Kurtosis 282
4 Results of Fault Analysis Using Different Techniques 282
5 Observations 283
6 Algorithm of Assessment of Different Conditions of Grid Connected Solar PV System 285
7 Specific Outcome 286
8 Conclusion 286
References 286
Sub-harmonics Based String Fault Assessment in Solar PV Arrays 288
1 Introduction 288
2 Data Acquisition 289
3 Fault Simulation 290
4 Sub-harmonics Feature Extraction 291
5 Curve Selection and Linier Approximation 293
6 Algorithm and Validation 294
6.1 Algorithm 294
6.2 Validation 294
6.3 Discussion 295
7 Conclusion 295
References 295
Control Techniques 297
Design of Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm Based Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for Inverted Pendulum 298
1 Introduction 298
2 The Principle of Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm 299
2.1 Chemotaxis Operation 299
2.2 Reproduction 300
2.3 Elimination and Dispersal Operation 300
3 The Fundamental Principle of Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller 300
4 Design of Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller Based on BFOA 301
4.1 Design of BFOA Encoding 301
4.2 Design of Fitness Function 303
4.3 Flow Chart of BFOA Encoding 303
5 Experimental Simulation and Results Analysis 303
6 Comparison of Different Controller Performances 305
7 Conclusion 305
References 306
Design of Sliding Mode Excitation Controller to Improve Transient Stability of a Power System 308
1 Introduction 308
2 Design of Nonlinear Excitation Controller Based on STSMC 310
2.1 Affine Model of an SMIB System 310
2.2 Estimation of Relative Degree of the Test System 311
2.3 Estimation of Control Law by Super Twisting Sliding Mode Control (STSMC) 312
3 Zero Dynamic Design of Excitation Controller 314
4 Performance Analysis 316
5 Conclusion 318
Appendix 319
References 319
Modelling of an Optimum Fuzzy Logic Controller Using Genetic Algorithm 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) 321
3 Takagi-Sugeno Type Fuzzy Logic Controller 321
4 Genetic Algorithm 322
5 Modelling of Liquid Level System 323
6 Fuzzy Logic Controller Design 325
7 Simulation and Results 327
8 Conclusion 329
References 330
Evolutionary Smith Predictor for Control of Time-Delay Systems 331
1 Introduction 331
2 System Identification and Mathematical Model 332
2.1 An Introduction of Smith Predictor Scheme for Processes with Dead Time 334
3 Ant Colony Optimization Technique 334
4 Particle Swarm Optimization Technique 335
5 Harmony Search Algorithm 336
6 Grey Wolf Optimization 337
7 Results and Discussions 338
8 Conclusion 339
References 340
On-line Adaptation of Parameter Uncertainties of a Practical Plant Employing L1 Adaptive Controller 342
1 Introduction 342
2 Problem Formulation 343
2.1 L1 Adaptive Controller Architecture 343
3 L1 Adaptive Controller Implementation in Online Mode 346
3.1 Inclusion of Parameter Uncertainties 346
3.2 Online L1 Adaptive Controller 350
4 Experimental Results 352
4.1 Real Time Case Study 352
5 Conclusion 353
References 354
Two-Degree-of-Freedom Control of Non-minimum Phase Mechanical System 356
1 Introduction 356
2 Two-Degree-of-Freedom 358
3 Model Reference Adaptive Control 359
3.1 Design of 2DOF Controller Using Model Reference Adaptive Control 359
4 Description of State Feedback Controller 361
5 Description of Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative (PID) Control 362
6 Problem Formulation 363
7 Mechanical System Model 363
8 Simulation Result 364
9 Result Analysis 364
10 Conclusion 367
References 368
LFT Modeling of Differentially Driven Wheeled Mobile Robot 370
1 Introduction 370
2 Differentially Driven Wheeled Mobile Robot 372
2.1 Kinematic Modeling 373
2.2 Dynamic Modelling 374
3 LFT Modelling of Differentially Driven Wheeled Mobile Robot 375
4 Frequency Domain Validation 380
4.1 Simulation Result 380
5 Conclusions 382
References 383
Neuro Fuzzy, Control System and Optimization 385
Automatic Electronic Excitation Control in a Modern Alternator 386
1 Introduction 386
2 Mathematical Description 387
3 Evolution of the Exciter System 388
4 Modern Alternators and Their Excitation 388
5 Change of Excitation with Change in Load 389
6 Requirements of the Excitation System 390
7 Types of Exciter 391
8 Change of Excitation with Load and Its P.F 391
9 Induced Voltage at Different Loads and P.F 392
10 Automatic Excitation Control 392
11 Conclusion 394
References 394
Analysis of Linear Time Invariant and Time Varying Dynamic Systems via Taylor Series Using a New Recursive Algorithm 396
1 Introduction 396
2 Function Approximation via Taylor Series 397
2.1 First Order Taylor Approximation [2] 397
2.2 Second Order Taylor Approximation 397
3 Analysis of the State via Taylor Approximation 398
3.1 Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System 398
3.2 Linear Time Varying System 400
4 Numerical Example 402
5 Error Estimates 406
6 Conclusion 409
References 409
Severity and Location Detection of Three Phase Induction Motor Stator Fault Using Sample Shifting Technique and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System 411
1 Introduction 411
2 Materials and Methods 412
2.1 Sequence Component Evaluation Using SST 412
2.2 Formulation of Fault Detection Methodologies 414
2.3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for Fault Diagnosis 415
2.4 Preparation of Suitable Training Data Set for ANFIS 415
3 MATLAB Simulation 416
3.1 Simulink Model of Three Phase Induction Motor 416
3.2 Simulation Result 419
4 Experimental Verification 421
5 Conclusion 423
References 424
Level Adjustment of Hydrofoil Sea-Craft Under Wave Disturbance 426
1 Introduction 426
2 Operation of Hydrofoil Ships 427
3 The Control System 427
4 The Control System Design 428
5 Specification 428
6 The Mathematical Description 428
7 Conclusion 431
References 432
Computation Technique 433
Law of Time and Mathematical Axioms 434
1 Introduction 434
2 Law of Movement 435
3 Explanation: 436
3.1 Law of Opposition 436
3.2 Law of Energy 436
3.3 Law of Universal 437
3.4 Law of 05 Tense 437
3.5 Law of Infinite 438
3.6 Law of Particle 439
3.7 Law of Uncertainty 439
3.8 Law of Life Time 440
3.9 Law of Quality 440
4 Discussion 441
References 442
Analysis of Resources for the Safety and Comfort of Railway Passenger Using Analytical Hierarchy Process 444
1 Introduction 444
2 Function of Operating Department 446
2.1 Planning of Transport Services 446
2.2 Running of Trains 447
2.3 Safety and Comfort 448
2.4 Railway Accident and Human Elements Involved 448
2.5 Transport Economy and Efficiency 449
3 Modernization 449
3.1 Anti Collision Device 450
3.2 Failure Indication and Brake Application Device 450
3.3 Wheel Slide Protection 450
4 Tools of Analysis 451
4.1 Analytical Hierarchy Process 451
4.2 Steps of Analytical Hierarchy Process 451
5 Objective of the Study 452
6 Plan of Work 454
7 Conclusion 455
References 456
Electrocardiogram Signal Analysis for Diagnosis of Congestive Heart Failure 457
1 Introduction 457
2 DATA Collection 458
3 Radar Comparison of ECG Signals 459
4 Discrete Wavelet Transformation of ECG Signals 460
5 Comparison of Radar of SA 461
6 Histogram Assessment of SA 461
7 Conclusion 462
References 463
Condition Assessment of Structure Through Non Destructive Testing—A Case Study on Two Identical Buildings of Different Age 465
1 Introduction 465
1.1 Conditional Assessment 465
1.2 Non Destructive Testing on Concrete 466
2 Experimental Work 466
2.1 Visual Inspection 466
2.2 Specifications of the Instruments Used 467
2.3 Setting Out for the Tests 468
3 Results 470
4 Discussion 474
5 Conclusion 475
6 Further Scope of Work 476
References 477
A Real Time Health Monitoring and Human Tracking System Using Arduino 478
1 Introduction 478
2 System Description 479
3 Flow Chart Description 479
3.1 Transmitter Section 480
3.2 Receiver Section 480
4 Result 481
5 Conclusion 482
References 483
Study of Arrhythmia Using Wavelet Transformation Based Statistical Parameter Computation of Electrocardiogram Signal 484
1 Introduction 484
2 Data Collection 485
3 Wavelet Decomposition 485
4 Observation 485
5 Conclusion 487
References 487
Modelling and Simulation in General Application 489
Analysis of Retinal OCT Images for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease 490
1 Introduction 490
2 Segmentation Using Wavelet Network 492
3 Feature Extraction 496
4 Classification of OCT Images 496
5 Experimental Results 497
6 Conclusion 498
References 499
Real Time Diagnosis of Rural Cardiac Patients Through Telemedicine 502
1 Introduction 502
2 System Description 503
3 ECG Acquisition System 504
4 Wireless Transmission 505
5 Reception and Display of the ECG Signal 505
6 Ecg Display on Laptop Using Labview 505
7 Ecg Display on Local Server 505
8 ECG Display on Internet 506
9 Results 507
10 Conclusion 508
References 509
A Comparative Analysis of a Healthy Retina and Retina of a Stroke Patient 511
1 Introduction 511
2 Literature Survey 512
3 Methodology 512
3.1 Preprocessing 512
3.2 Morphological Operations 514
3.3 Skeletonization 514
4 Result and Discussion 514
5 Conclusion 516
References 517
Square Root Quadrature Information Filters for Multiple Sensor Fusion 519
1 Introduction 519
2 Problem Statement 520
3 Square Root Quadrature Information Filters 520
3.1 General Algorithm 521
3.2 Choice of Quadrature Points 522
3.3 Multiple Sensor Fusion 523
3.4 Notes on the Algorithm 524
4 Case Study Using Aircraft Tracking Problem 524
5 Conclusion 525
References 526
Cost Effective, Water Controlled Automated Gardening System 528
1 Introduction 528
2 Design Algorithm 529
3 System Block Diagram and Working 529
3.1 Moisture Sensors 530
3.2 Arduino Uno 530
3.3 Amplifier 531
3.4 Solid State Relay 531
3.5 Submersible Pump 531
4 Results 531
5 Benefits that This System Provides 532
6 Conclusion 532
7 Future Scope of Work 532
References 533
Ear Based Biometric Analysis for Human Identification 534
1 Introduction 534
2 Methodology 536
2.1 Image Processing 537
2.2 Feature Extraction 537
2.3 Estimation of Occlusion Point 538
2.4 Signature Matrix Generation 540
3 Result and Discussion 542
4 Conclusion 544
References 544
An Integrated Model for Early Detection and Monitoring of Diabetic Foot 546
1 Introduction 546
2 Diabetic Foot Infection 547
3 Key Indicators of Diabetic Foot 547
4 Hemodynamic Model of Blood Flow 547
5 Detection Techniques 548
5.1 Ultrasonic Measurement Techniques 549
5.2 Transcutaneous Oxygen Measurements 550
5.3 Photo Plethysmography 550
6 Conclusion 551
References 552
Real Time Periodic Assessment of Retina of Diabetic Patients for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy 553
1 Introduction 553
2 Proposed Method 555
3 Conclusion 559
References 560
Product Recommendation for E-Commerce Data Using Association Rule and Apriori Algorithm 562
1 Introduction 562
2 Recommender System 563
3 Proposed Approach 564
3.1 Work Flow Diagram of Proposed Recommender System 564
4 Association Rule 565
4.1 Meaning and Uses 565
4.2 Mining Association Rule 565
5 Apriori Algorithm for Product Recommendation 566
6 Experimental Evaluation 566
7 Result and Conclusion 569
References 569
A Comparative Analysis Between EDR and Respiration Signal: A Pilot Study with Normal Subjects 571
1 Introduction 571
2 Method 572
2.1 Data Collection 572
2.2 Pre-processing of ECG and Respiration Signal 573
2.3 ECG Derived Respiration 574
2.4 Feature Extraction 575
3 Result 576
4 Discussion 578
5 Conclusion 579
References 579
Uncertainty in Fission Product Transient Release Under Accident Condition 581
1 Introduction 581
2 Theoretical Model for Uncertainty Quantification 582
2.1 Analytical Uncertainty Estimation Methodology 582
2.2 Transient Fission Product Release Model 583
2.3 Error Propagation in Transient Fission Product Release Model 584
3 Results and Discussion 585
4 Conclusion 588
References 589
Statistical Aggregation of Extreme Value Analysis Models 590
1 Introduction 590
2 Theoretical Methodology 591
2.1 Generalized Extreme Value Analysis Model 591
2.2 Probabilistic Methodology for Estimate the Model Uncertainty 593
2.3 Statistical Aggregation Methodology 593
3 Results and Discussions 594
4 Conclusion 596
References 596
Electroosmotic Effects on Rough Wall Micro-channel Flow 598
1 Introduction 598
2 Numerical Procedure 600
3 Results and Discussions 601
4 Conclusion 604
References 605
Comparative Study on Fuzzy Based Linearization Technique Between MATLAB and LABVIEW Platform 606
1 Introduction 606
2 Fuzzy Based Linearization in MATLAB 607
3 Fuzzy Based Linearization in LABVIEW 609
4 Conclusion 612
References 613
Automated Identification of Myocardial Infarction Using a Single Vectorcardiographic Feature 615
1 Introduction 615
2 Methodology 617
2.1 Data Pre-processing 618
2.2 Beat Extraction 618
2.3 Beat Segmentation 619
2.4 Drawing of VCG Loops 619
2.5 Computation of Volume Ratio 620
3 Experimental Results 621
3.1 Used Data 621
3.2 Performance Evaluation Parameters 621
3.3 Performance Evaluation 622
4 Conclusion and Discussion 623
References 624
Content Extraction Studies for Multilingual Unstructured Web Documents 626
1 Introduction 626
2 Content Extraction Techniques 628
3 Nature and Features in Web Documents 629
4 Text and Character Issues 631
5 Development of Pixel Map Attributes 631
6 Content Extraction—Results and Discussion 634
7 Conclusion 636
References 636
Potentiality of Retina for Disease Diagnosis Through Retinal Image Processing Techniques 638
1 Introduction 638
2 Retina Based Eye Diseases and Its Detection 639
3 Early Detection of Stroke Through Retinal Image Analysis 645
4 Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Through Retinal Image Processing 647
5 Conclusions 647
References 648
Generalized LFT Modeling of an Uncertain MIMO System 650
1 Introduction 650
2 Generalized LFT Modeling of Linear MIMO System 652
2.1 Problem Formulation 652
2.2 LFT Modeling Algorithm for Multiplicative Uncertainty Structure 653
3 LFT Modeling of Two-DOF Mass-Spring-Dashpot Dynamic System 659
4 H? Control Based Frequency Domain Validation 664
4.1 Simulation Results 664
5 Conclusions 665
References 666