Lactic Acid Bacteria

Gabriel Vinderola is Associate Professor at the Food Engineering Department of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering (National University of Litoral) and Independent Researcher of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) at the Industrial Dairy Institute (INLAIN) in Santa Fe (Argentina), and has been a visiting professor (2004) at Moncton´s University (Canada). He is the author of over 90 journal articles and book chapters in the field of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Dr. Vinderola received his degree (1997) and Ph.D. degree in chemistry from the National University of Litoral (Santa Fe, Argentina). He participated in the development of the first commercial probiotic cheese in Latin America (1999) and he was awarded (2011) as young researcher in Food Technology by the Argentinian National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences. Dr. Arthur Ouwehand is Technical Fellow and research manager at DuPont Nutrition & Health in Kantvik, Finland. He has a research background in both academia and industry. His main interest is on functional foods, in particular, probiotics and prebiotics and their influence on the intestinal microbiota. He is active in the International Life Sciences Institute Europe, the International Dairy Federation, the International Probiotics Association and the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics. Dr. Ouwehand received his M.S. degree (1992) in cell biology from Wageningen University (the Netherlands) and his Ph.D. degree (1996) in microbiology from Göteborg University (Sweden). In 1999, he was appointed as an Adjunct Professor in Applied Microbiology at the University of Turku (Finland), and he is the author of more than 250 journal articles and book chapters. Seppo Salminen is a Professor and the Director of Functional Foods Forum at the University of Turku, Finland, and has been a visiting professor at the RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, and Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria. He is the author of over 400 journal articles and book chapters, and the editor or coeditor of several books. He has served in NDA Panel (evaluation of eg novel foods and health claims) and several working groups of the European Food Safety Authority and other international committees including ILSI Europe and International Dairy Federation. Professor Salminen received his M.S. degree (1978) in food science from Washington State University, Pullman, his M.Sc. degree (1979) in food chemistry and technology from the University of Helsinki, Finland, and his Ph.D. degree (1982) in biochemistry and toxicology from the University of Surrey, UK. He is a member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters and the president elect of the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). Atte von Wright is the Emeritus Professor of Food Biotechnology at the University of Eastern Finland. He graduated in 1975 from the University of Helsinki, majoring in General Microbiology, obtained his Licentiate of Philosophy degree from the same University in 1978, and his PhD degree from the University of Sussex, UK. His research interest include food toxicology and hygiene, molecular biology of lactic acid bacteria, probiotics and prebiotics and natural bioactive compounds. Besides his University career he has worked as a research group leader in Valio Finnish Coopersative dairies' Association and in the Technical Research Centre of Finland. His previous international duties include working as an expert in the panels of The European Food Safety Authority dealing with the safety aspects of feed additives and genetically modified organisms.

Contents

Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix

Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi

Contributors ................................................................................................................................... xiii

Chapter 1 Lactic Acid Bacteria: An Introduction .......................................................................1

Atte von Wright and Lars Axelsson

Chapter 2 Genetics of Lactic Acid Bacteria .............................................................................. 17

Lorenzo Morelli and Atte von Wright

Chapter 3 Genus Lactococcus ................................................................................................... 33

Atte von Wright

Chapter 4 The Genus Lactobacillus .......................................................................................... 47

Fandi Ibrahim and Arthur C. Ouwehand

Chapter 5 Fructophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria: An Overview of Their Unique Properties ........ 57

Akihito Endo

Chapter 6 Introduction to the Genera Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, and

Carnobacterium........................................................................................................65

Elina Säde and Johanna Björkroth

Chapter 7 Streptococcus: A Brief Update on the Current Taxonomic Status of the Genus ......87

John R. Tagg, Philip A. Wescombe, John D. F. Hale, and Jeremy P. Burton

Chapter 8 Probiotic Enterococci, Their Enterocins and Their Use in Animals ...................... 109

Andrea Lauková

Chapter 9 Bifidobacteria: General Overview of Ecology, Taxonomy, and Genomics ............ 125

Chiara Ferrario, Francesca Turroni, Douwe van Sinderen,

and Marco Ventura

Chapter 10 Bacteriophage and Anti-phage Mechanisms in Lactic Acid Bacteria .................... 139

Jennifer Mahony, Susan Mills, R. Paul Ross, Horst Neve, Aidan Coffey,

and Douwe van Sinderen

Chapter 11 Antimicrobials from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Potential Applications ........ 151

Fergus W. J. Collins, Mary C. Rea, Colin Hill, and R. Paul Ross

Chapter 12 Lactic Acid Bacteria for Fermented Dairy Products .............................................. 175

Sylvie Binda and Arthur C. Ouwehand

Chapter 13 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Cereal-Based Products ....................................................... 199

Michael G. Gänzle and Hannu Salovaara

Chapter 14 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Meat Fermentations: Role of Autochthonous Starter

Cultures on Quality, Safety and Health .................................................................. 215

Graciela Vignolo, Patricia Castellano, Cecilia Fontana, Pier Sandro

Cocconcelli, and Silvina Fadda

Chapter 15 Examples of Lactic-Fermented Foods of the African Continent ........................... 235

Charles M. A. P. Franz and Wilhelm H. Holzapfel

Chapter 16 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Vegetable Fermentations .................................................. 255

Kun-Young Park and Boh Kyung Kim

Chapter 17 Lactic Acid Bacteria and Silage Fermentation ....................................................... 275

Ibukun M. Ogunade, Oscar C. M. Queiroz, and Kathy G. Arriola

Chapter 18 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in Grape Fermentations: An Example of LAB as

Contaminants in Food Processing ..........................................................................287

Eveline Bartowsky

Chapter 19 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Food Spoilage ...................................................................303

Vasileios Pothakos and Johanna Björkroth

Chapter 20 The Production of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starters and Probiotic Cultures:

An Industrial Perspective ....................................................................................... 317

Gabriel Vinderola, Claude P. Champagne, and Émilie Desfossés-Foucault

Chapter 21 Stability of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria in Foods and

Supplements ........................................................................................................... 337

Miguel Gueimonde, Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán, Borja Sánchez,

Nuria Salazar, and Silvia Arboleya

Chapter 22 The Safety of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Use in Foods ............................................. 355

David Obis, Myriam Paris, and Arthur C. Ouwehand

Chapter 23 Safety of Novel Bacteria for Probiotic Use: European Perspective ........................ 371

Theodor Brodmann, Seppo Salminen, Wolfgang Kneifel, Gabriel Vinderola,

and Carlos Gómez-Gallego

Chapter 24 Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Gut .............................................................................. 383

Mirjana Rajilić-Stojanović, Suzana Dimitrijević, and Nataša Golić

Chapter 25 Gastrointestinal Benefits of Probiotics: Clinical Evidence .....................................409

Arthur C. Ouwehand

Chapter 26 Probiotics and the Immune System ........................................................................ 423

Hanne Frøkiær

Chapter 27 Targeting the Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Disorders and Juvenile Growth:

Potential Impact of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Next Generation Probiotics ............ 441

Kassem Makki, Martin Schwarzer, Bernardo Cuffaro, Hubert Vidal,

Emmanuelle Maguin, and Corinne Grangette

Chapter 28 Brain–Gut–Microbiota Axis in Mood and Cognition: Impact

of Psychobiotics .....................................................................................................463

Mary I. Butler, John F. Cryan, and Timothy G. Dinan

Chapter 29 Lactic Acid Bacteria and Oral Health ....................................................................485

Iva Stamatova, Qingru Jiang, and Jukka H. Meurman

Chapter 30 Human Studies on Probiotics and Endogenous Lactic Acid Bacteria in the

Female Urogenital Tract ......................................................................................... 495

Gregor Reid

Chapter 31 Lactic Acid Bacteria and Respiratory Health: Their Beneficial Effects on

Viral Infections .......................................................................................................505

Julio Villena, Alexander Suvorov, Haruki Kitazawa, and Susana Alvarez

Chapter 32 Human Studies on Probiotics: Infants and Children .............................................. 521

Hania Szajewska

Chapter 33 Nutrition Economics: Confirming Benefits of Probiotics and Prebiotics ............... 533

Aki Koponen and Seppo Salminen

Chapter 34 Beneficial Microbes for Companion Animals ........................................................ 541

Minna Rinkinen and Shea Beasley

Chapter 35 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Aquatic Environments and Their Applications ................ 555

Beatriz Gómez-Sala, Javier Feito Hermida, Pablo E. Hernández Cruza,

and Luis M. Cintas Izarra

Chapter 36 The Use of Probiotics in Nutrition and Disease Prevention in Farm Animals ...... 579

Alojz Bomba, Radomíra Nemcová, Ladislav Strojný,

and Dagmar Mudronˇová

Chapter 37 Probiotic Effects of Non-viable Lactic Acid Bacteria ............................................609

Marion Bernardeau and Marina Cretenet

Chapter 38 Probiotics Regulation in Asian and Australasian Countries .................................. 631

Cyndy Au, Sandy Lin, Wei Shao, Su Jin, Yan Wen, Jasvir Singh,

Victor Basuki, Hiroko Tanaka, Geun Eog Ji, E-Siong Tee, Julie D. Tan,

Ming-Ju Chen, Malee Jirawongsy, Le Hoang Vinh, Caroline Gray,

and Yuan-Kun Lee

Chapter 39 Probiotics Regulation in Latin American Countries .............................................. 683

Ana Binetti, Patricia Burns, Daniela Tomei, Jorge Reinheimer,

and Gabriel Vinderola

Chapter 40 The Regulation of Probiotics in the United States .................................................693

Amy B. Smith

Chapter 41 Regulation of Probiotics in Canada ........................................................................ 711

Jon-Paul Powers

Chapter 42 Safety Assessment of Probiotics in the European Union (EU) .............................. 723

Atte von Wright

Index .............................................................................................................................................. 735