Springer Handbook of Materials Data (eBook)

Hans Warlimont is a physical metallurgist and has worked on numerous topics at several research institutions and industrial companies. He graduated in physical metallurgy from the School of Mines Clausthal in 1956 and received his Ph.D. from Stuttgart University of Technology in 1959. After spending a few years as a research fellow at the U.S. Steel Corporation, USA, he became head of a research group at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart. Between 1977 and 1991, he was director of research at Vacuumschmelze, Hanau before becoming scientific director of the Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research Dresden and professor of materials science at Dresden University of Technology. In 2002, Hans Warlimont founded DSL Dresden Material-Innovation where he invented and industrialized a novel technology for the galvanoforming of composite battery grids.Werner Martienssen (1923-2010) was for many years editor-in-chief of the data collection Landolt–Börnstein, which is now part of SpringerMaterials. He studied physics and chemistry at the Universities of Würzburg and Göttingen, and obtained his Ph.D. in physics with R.W. Pohl, Gottingen. Before joining the University of Frankfurt/Main in 1961 as a full professor, he was visiting professor at the Cornell University, Ithaca, USA, and taught physics at the University of Stuttgart. His research focused on condensed matter physics, quantum optics and chaotic dynamics. Two of his former students and coworkers, Gerd K. Binnig and Horst L. Stormer, became Nobel laureates in physics. Werner Martienssen was a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, Halle and of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen.

Preface to the First Edition 6
About the Editors 7
List of Authors 8
Contents 10
List of Abbreviations 16
Part A Fundamentals 20
1 The Fundamental Constants 22
1.1 What are the Fundamental Constants and Who Takes Care of Them? 22
1.2 The CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants 24
References 28
2 The International System of Units (SI), Physical Quantities, and Their Dimensions 29
2.1 The International System of Units (SI) 29
2.2 Physical Quantities 30
2.3 The SI Base Units 31
2.4 The SI Derived Units 34
2.5 Decimal Multiples and Submultiples of SI Units 36
2.6 Units Outside the SI 37
2.7 Some Energy Equivalents 41
References 42
3 Rudiments of Crystallography 43
3.1 Crystalline Matter 44
3.2 Disorder 53
3.3 Amorphous Matter 54
3.4 Methods for Investigating Crystallographic Structure 54
3.5 Recent Novel Topics in Crystallography 56
References 57
4 The Elements 58
4.1 How to Use this Chapter 59
4.2 Description of Properties Tabulated 59
4.3 Sources 62
4.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders 63
4.5 Data 68
References 160
Part B Metals 161
5 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 163
5.1 Magnesium 164
5.2 Magnesium Alloys 166
5.3 Melting and Casting Practices, Heat Treatment 169
5.4 Joining 169
5.5 Corrosion Behavior 170
5.6 Recent Developments 170
References 171
6 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 172
6.1 Production of Aluminum 173
6.2 Properties of Pure Al 173
6.3 Aluminum Alloy Phase Diagrams 176
6.4 Classification of Aluminum Alloys 181
6.5 Structure and Basic Mechanical Properties of Wrought Work-Hardenable Aluminum Alloys 182
6.6 Structure and Basic Mechanical Properties of Wrought Age-Hardenable Aluminum Alloys 183
6.7 Structure and Basic Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Casting Alloys 186
6.8 Technical Properties of Aluminum Alloys 188
6.9 Thermal and Mechanical Treatment 196
6.10 Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum 206
References 207
7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 209
7.1 Titanium 209
7.2 Ti-Based Alloys 213
7.3 Intermetallic Ti-Al Materials 214
7.4 TiNi Shape-Memory Alloys 219
References 220
8 Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys 221
8.1 Zirconium 221
8.2 Technically-Pure and Low-Alloy Zirconium Materials 222
8.3 Zirconium Alloys in Nuclear Applications 223
8.4 Zirconium-Based Bulk Glassy Alloys 224
References 226
9 Iron and Steels 227
9.1 Phase Relations and Phase Transformations 228
9.2 Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 234
9.3 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 245
9.4 Stainless Steels 251
9.5 Heat-Resistant Steels 264
9.6 Tool Steels 268
9.7 Cast Irons 274
References 279
10 Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys 280
10.1 Co-Based Alloys 281
10.2 Co-Based Hard-Facing Alloys and Related Materials 282
10.3 Co-Based Heat-Resistant Alloys, Superalloys 283
10.4 Co-Based Corrosion-Resistant Alloys 284
10.5 Co-Based Surgical Implant Alloys 285
10.6 Cemented Carbides 285
References 287
11 Nickel and Nickel Alloys 288
11.1 Commercially Pure and Low-Alloy Nickels 288
11.2 Highly Alloyed Ni-Based Materials 290
11.3 Ni-Based Superalloys 293
11.4 Ni Plating 305
References 305
12 Copper and Copper Alloys 306
12.1 Unalloyed Coppers 307
12.2 High-Copper Alloys 308
12.3 Brasses 309
12.4 Bronzes 311
12.5 Copper–Nickel Alloys 313
References 314
13 Refractory Metals and Refractory Metal Alloys 315
13.1 Physical Properties 318
13.2 Chemical Properties 320
13.3 Recrystallization Behavior 323
13.4 Mechanical Properties 326
References 341
14 Noble Metals and Noble Metal Alloys 346
14.1 Silver and Silver Alloys 348
14.2 Gold and Gold Alloys 363
14.3 Platinum Group Metals and Their Alloys 378
References 418
15 Lead and Lead Alloys 420
15.1 Pure Grades of Lead 421
15.2 Pb-Sb Alloys 425
15.3 Pb-Sn Alloys 427
15.4 Pb-Ca Alloys 429
15.5 Pb-Bi Alloys 431
15.6 Pb-Ag Alloys 433
15.7 Pb-Cu, Pb-Te, and Pb-Cu-Te Alloys 433
15.8 Pb-As Alloys 433
15.9 Lead Cable-Sheathing Alloys 433
15.10 Other Lead Alloys 434
15.11 Composite Lead-Battery Grids 434
References 436
16 Zinc and Zinc Alloys 437
16.1 Naturally Occurring Zinc 438
16.2 Zinc Metal Grades And Standards 438
16.3 Properties of Zinc 439
16.4 Uses of Zinc 442
References 448
Part C Nonmetallic Materials 449
17 Ceramics 451
17.1 Traditional Ceramics and Cements 451
17.2 Silicate Ceramics 453
17.3 Refractory Ceramics 456
17.4 Oxide Ceramics 456
17.5 Nonoxide Ceramics 467
References 494
18 Polymers 495
18.1 Definitions and Selected Polymers 495
18.2 Structural Units of Polymers 498
18.3 Abbreviations 501
18.4 Tables and Figures 502
References 546
19 Glasses 547
19.1 Properties of Glasses – General Comments 550
19.2 Composition and Properties of Glasses 551
19.3 Flat Glass and Hollowware 552
19.4 Technical Specialty Glasses 554
19.5 Optical Glasses 566
19.6 Vitreous Silica 580
19.7 Glass-Ceramics 581
19.8 Glasses for Miscellaneous Applications 582
References 594
Part D Functional Materials 595
20 Semiconductors 597
20.1 Group IV Semiconductors and IV–IV Compounds 600
20.2 III–V Compounds 625
20.3 II–VI Compounds 671
References 707
21 Superconductors 711
21.1 Metallic Superconductors 712
21.2 Non-Metallic Superconductors 725
References 757
22 Magnetic Materials 763
22.1 Basic Magnetic Properties 763
22.2 Soft Magnetic Alloys 766
22.3 Hard Magnetic Alloys 798
22.4 Magnetic Oxides 813
References 816
23 Dielectrics and Electrooptics 818
23.1 Dielectric Materials: Low-Frequency Properties 822
23.2 Optical Materials: High-Frequency Properties 823
23.3 Guidelines for Use of Tables 825
23.4 Tables of Numerical Data for Dielectrics and Electrooptics 827
References 893
24 Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics 905
24.1 Definition of Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics 906
24.2 Survey of Research on Ferroelectrics 906
24.3 Classification of Ferroelectrics 908
24.4 Physical Properties of 43 Representative Ferroelectrics 913
References 937
25 Materials for Solid Catalysts 939
25.1 Catalysts as Functional Material 939
25.2 Catalytically Active Materials 946
25.3 Components of a Catalyst 951
25.4 Deactivation 953
25.5 Characterization 956
References 958
Part E Special Structures 960
26 Liquid Crystals 962
26.1 Liquid Crystalline State 962
26.2 Physical Properties of the Most Common Liquid Crystalline Substances 966
26.3 Physical Properties of Some Liquid Crystalline Mixtures 992
References 994
27 The Physics of Solid Surfaces 995
27.1 The Structure of Ideal Surfaces 996
27.2 Surface Reconstruction and Relaxation 1002
27.3 Electronic Structure of Surfaces 1011
27.4 Surface Phonons 1026
27.5 The Space Charge Layer at the Surface of a Semiconductor 1034
References 1039
28 Nanostructured Materials 1043
28.1 Introduction 1044
28.2 Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy 1046
28.3 Electromagnetic Confinement 1056
28.4 Magnetic Nanostructures 1060
28.5 Preparation Techniques 1074
References 1077
29 Low-Dimensional Semiconductors 1083
29.1 Electronic Confinement 1083
29.2 Optical Confinement 1096
References 1104
About the Authors 1107
Detailed Contents 1113
Subject Index 1125