Management of Greywater in Developing Countries (eBook)

Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed (PhD) is an Ascociate Profsessor at the Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. She has been working with the UTHM since 2004. She graduated with a PhD with her thesis on Environmental Impacts of Greywater Reuse on Home Gardens, from Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia. Radin Maya Saphira's research involves issues related to improve environmental quality related to their improper discharge. In the last few years, she has extended her research interests to include the low cost treatment system to alleviate the untreated greywater discharge. She is most interested in the use of natural processes and locally available materials. She has coauthored 36 articles in international research journals and a chapter in the book "Cellulase: Production, Applications and Health Benefits" NOVA Science Publishers(2016) and Four chapters in Handbook of Environmental Materials Management (Springer publisher, 2018). She has also contributed to three teaching modules on environmental engineering. Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi (PhD) is a Senior lecturer at the Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. She has been working with the UTHM since 2015. He has also worked as a lecturer and Laboratories manager at the Faculty of Medical Science, Yemeni-Jordanian University and Higher Institute of Health Sciences, in Sana'a, Yemen, for 4 years. He graduated with a Bachelor and Master of Applied Microbiology from Taiz University, Yemen in 2008. He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Environmental Technology with his thesis on Enzymatic degradation of Pharmaceutical residues in secondary effluents, at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia in 2014.  His research focuses on low cost treatment technologies of different types of wastewater which may be used in developing countries. His research interests also include microbiology of wastewater, phycoremediation, pharmaceutical waste, heavy metals biosorption, and antibiotics bio-degradation. He has coauthored 45 articles in international peer-reviewed journals and has authored and coauthored Four chapters in Handbook of Environmental Materials Management (Springer publisher, 2018), a chapter in "Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies for Building and Environmental Applications" Springer Publishing (2016) and one chapter in "Cellulase: Production, Applications and Health Benefits" NOVA Science Publishers (2016) as well as. He has also contributed to three teaching modules on environmental engineering. Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim (PhD) is a Senior Professor at the Department of Water and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. He graduated with a Diploma in Civil Engineering from the University of Technology, Kuala Lumpur in 1977, a Bachelor of Civil Engineering from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK in 1981, and a Master of Civil Engineering (Hydrology and Water Resources) from Colorado State University in Fort Collins, USA in 1984. He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Civil Engineering (Hydrology and Water Resources) at the University of Birmingham, UK in 1989. In addition, he is a registered professional engineer with practice under the board of Engineers Malaysia. Hashim's research involves water resources engineering modelling, hydrology, greywater, and wastewater management and treatment. He has coauthored 39 articles in international peer-reviewed journals, Four chapters in Handbook of Environmental Materials Management (Springer publisher, 2018) and one chapter in "Cellulase: Production, Applications and Health Benefits" NOVA Science Publishers (2016).

1 Qualitative Characterization of Household Greywater in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Review - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 1.1 Introduction1.2 Definition of Greywater1.3 Sources and Quantity of Greywater in Developing Countries1.4 Qualitative Characteristics of Household Greywater1.4.1 General Composition1.4.2 Physical Characteristics1.4.3 Chemical Characteristics1.4.3.1 Heavy Metals1.4.3.2 Organic Micro-Pollutants (OMPs) in Greywater1.4.4 Microbiological Characteristics1.4.4.1 Indicator Bacteria1.5 Conclusion1.6 References2 Consequences of Improper Disposal of Greywater - Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RM, AbdulSamad Hazza'a, M.K. Amir Hashim 2.1 Introduction2.2 Microbial Risks2.3 Chemical Risks2.3.1 Xenobiotic Organic Compounds (XOCs)2.3.2 Eutrophication2.3.3 Heavy Metals2.4 Regulations for Discharge of Greywater2.5 Conclusion2.6 References3 Determination of Pathogenic Organisms in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Efaq AN, Mohamed RMSR, M.K. Amir Hashim 3.1 Introduction3.2 Culture Based Methods3.2.1 Dilution and Spread Plate Procedures3.2.2 Membrane Filtration (MF) Methods3.2.3 Enriched Method3.2.4 Direct Isolation of Pathogenic Bacteria on Selective Media3.3 Non-Culture Methods3.3.1 Microscopic Detection3.3.2 Molecular Methods3.4 Pathogen Growth Potential (PGP) of Inactivated Pathogens in Treated Greywater3.5 Conclusion3.6 References4 A Reuse of Greywater for Irrigation Purposes - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 4.1 Introduction4.2 Adverse Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Growth4.3 Microbial Aspects of Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture4.4 Regulations for Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture4.5 Conclusion4.6 References5 A Potential Reuse of Greywater in Developed and Developing Countries - Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, M.K. Amir Hashim, Martin Anda, Stewart Dallas5.1 Introduction5.2 Weather of Perth, Australia, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia5.3 Residential Water Consumption in Perth5.4 Residential Water Consumption in Malaysia5.5 Water Scarcity5.5.1 Quantity Issues in Perth5.5.2 Quality Issues in Malaysia5.6 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice from a Global Perspective5.6.1 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Perth, Western Australia5.6.2 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Malaysia5.7 Greywater Treatment as a Means of Pollution Control5.8 Potential of Greywater Reuse in Malaysia5.9 Juggling the Differences in Adopting the Good Practice5.10 Institutional and Legal Issues5.11 Conclusion5.12 References6 Management of Household Greywater (Storage and Treatment Technologies) - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 6.1 Introduction6.2 Storage of Greywater6.3 Treatment of Greywater6.3.1 Conventional Treatment Methods6.3.2 Constructed Wet Land System6.3.3 Membrane Reactor System6.3.4 Flocculation and Coagulation Process6.4 Conclusion6.5 References7 Phycoremediation as a Green Technology for Removal of Nutrients from Greywater - Wurochekke AA, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, Hauwa A, M.K. Amir Hashim 7.1 Introduction7.2 Phycoremediation Process7.2.1 Selection of Microalgae Species7.2.2 Factors Affecting Phycoremediation Process7.3 Removal Mechanism of Nutrients7.4 Advantages of Phycoremediation7.5 Microbiological Aspects of Phycoremediation7.6 Conclusino7.7 References8 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 8.1 Introduction8.2 Chemical Removal of Heavy Metals8.3 Biological Removal of Heavy Metals8.3.1 Selection of the Most Potent Microorganisms for Removal of Heavy Metals8.3.2 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals Removal8.3.3 Removal Mechanism of Heavy Metals by Microorganism8.4 Conclusion8.5 References9 Disinfection Technologies for Household Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 9.1 Introduction9.2 Chemical Disinfection Methods9.2.1 Chlorination9.2.2 Ozonation9.2.3 Natural Compounds9.3 Physical and Mechanical Disinfection Methods9.3.1 Irradiation Disinfection9.3.2 Thermal Disinfection9.3.3 Filtration System9.3.4 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)9.4 Conclusion9.5 References10 Centralized and Decentralized Treatment Systems for Household Greywater in Rural Regions - Dilaeleyana AS, Athirah A, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, M.K. Amir Hashim 10.1 Introduction10.2 Centralized Treatment Systems10.3 Decentralized Treatment Systems10.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralized and Decentralized Systems10.5 Applicability of Decentralized Systems in Rural Regions10.6 Model Transport Simulation for Drainage Pollution10.6.1 Purpose of Model Transport10.6.2 Model Development of MATLAB/Simulink10.6.3 Advantages or Contribution of the Model Pollutant Transport10.7 Conclusion10.8 References11 Recycling of Greywater for Production of Biomass and Bio-Products by Microalgae - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 11.1 Introduction11.2 Potential of Greywater as a Production Medium11.3 Harvesting of Biomass Yield11.3.1 Chemical Methods11.3.2. Physical Methods11.4 Extraction of Lipids and Proteins from Biomass Yield11.5 Conclusion11.6 References12 Nanotechnology Application in Greywater Treatment - Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, M.K. Amir Hashim 12.1 Introduction12.2 Utilization of Nanotechnology in Greywater Treatment12.3 Role of Microorganisms Used in Nanotechnology12.4 Selection of Nanomaterials12.5 Bio-Carrier System for Treatment of Greywater12.6 Conclusion12.7 References13 Further Application of Greywater - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 13.1 Introduction13.2 Utilization of Greywater in Building and Construction13.3 Role of Microorganisms in Greywater in Generating Bio-Concrete13.4 Washing of Contaminated Soil by Greywater13.5 Desert Reclamation by Greywater13.6 Groundwater Recharge by Greywater13.7 Conclusion13.8 References