Practices in Power System Management in India (eBook)

Dr. J. Raja, received the B.E. degree and, M.E. degree from Faculty of Engineering, Anamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2003, and the pursuing Ph.D. degree from Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry. Currently he is Assistant Director in National Power Training Institute (CO), Under Ministry of Power, Haryana. His research interests include power system control in renewable energy systems and conventional power systems, power system optimization.Dr. P. Ajay-D-Vimal Raj received the B.E. degree from Madras University in 1998, M.E. degree from Faculty of Engineering, Anamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India, in 1999, and the Ph.D. degree from Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, in 2008. Currently he is Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry. He also worked as lecturer and Assistant Professor in Madras University, Pondicherry University and Deemed University affiliated engineering colleges.Dr. S. Rajasekar received his bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering in 2008, the master degree in electrical engineering from Pondicherry University, in 2010 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from M. N. National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India, in 2014. He is currently working on Technology Development in Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. His research interests include power electronics systems and its control, multilevel converters, power quality, and power conversion from solar and wind energy systems.

1.0 Overview of Power Sector Scenario in India1.1 Historical background & Stages of Growth1.2 The Growth Story of Indian Power Sector1.2.1 The Growth in Power Infrastructure1.2.2 The Growth in Rural Electrification1.2.3 Growth in Electricity Consumption1.2.4 The growth in generating capacity addition1.3 Distribution Business is a Service Industry1.4 Present Status at National Level1.5 Development in last decade in respect of Distribution Utilities in India1.6 Distribution Reforms in India1.6.1 Private Participation in Distribution1.6.2 Distribution privatization in Delhi1.6.3 Distribution Franchisee1.7 Statutory Bodies in Power Industries1.7.1 Central Electricity Authority (CEA)1.7.2 Appellate Tribunal for Electricity1.7.3 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)1.7.4 State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC)1.7.5 Central Transmission Utility1.7.6 State Transmission Utility1.7.7  National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC)1.7.8 Regional Load Dispatch Centers (RLDC)1.7.9 State Load Dispatch Centers (SLDC)1.7.10 Grievances Redressal Forum and Ombudsman2.0 Distribution Planning and Optimization2.1 System Planning Studies2.1.1 Power Requirement Study2.1.2 Long Range System Planning2.1.3 Short range system planning2.1.4 Coordination Study2.1.5 Economic Conductor Analysis (T&D loss reduction)2.1.6 Power factor correction (Capacitor installation) 2.2 CEA guidelines on Distribution network Planning2.3 Operation Overview2.3.1 Operation Management2.4 System Disturbances or Outage2.4.1 Disturbance categorizations2.5 Power Quality2.6 Maintenance Planning & Implementation2.6.1 Evolving World Class Maintenance2.6.2 Main Causes of Electrical Failure2.6.3 Preventive Maintenance2.6.4 Predictive Maintenance2.6.5 Condition Based Maintenance2.6.6 Reliability – Cantered Maintenance (RCM)2.6.7 Predictive Maintenance (PdM)2.6.8 Pre-Monsoon Maintenance2.7 History Cards2.8 New Technology Maintenance2.8.1 Ultrasonic Noise Analysis2.8.2 Partial Discharge Detection2.8.3 Transformer Dissolved Gas Analysis2.8.4 Infrared Thermography2.8.5 Hot-Line Maintenance2.9 Integrated Approach2.9.1 A Case Study & International Practice for Maintenance of Equipment’s2.9.2 Understanding AS-IS Scenario of Distribution Network Assets2.9.3 Formulation of the CAPEX Plan2.9.4 Typical Causes of Poor Reliability2.9.5 Basic Ways to Improve Reliability2.10 Reliability Data2.10.1 Utility Trend in Reliability2.10.2 Reliability Roadmap3.0 Best  practices  in  Operation    Maintenance Distribution Lines3.1 Description of Distribution Network3.2 Poles & Tower Structures3.2.1 Selection Criteria of PCC Poles as per REC3.3 Line Span3.3.1 Permissible Line Span as per REC Standards3.4 Over-Head Distribution Lines3.4.1 Preventive Maintenance of Overhead Lines3.5 Cables3.6 Insulators4.0 Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance of Distribution Substation Equipment’s and Auxiliaries4.1 Description of Distribution Substation4.2 Typical Layout of a 33/11 kV Substation4.3 Surge/Lightening Arrestors4.3.1 Predictive maintenance of Lightening Arresters4.4 Instrumentation Transformer (CT & PT)4.4.1 Current Transformer Type4.4.2 Causes and Nature Failure4.4.3 Primitive maintenance of Instrumentation Transformers4.4.4 Preventive maintenance of Instrumentation Transforms4.4.5 CT Testing4.4.6 PT Testing4.5 Circuit Breaker4.5.1 Description4.5.2 Causes & Nature of Failure4.5.3 Primitive Maintenance of CB4.5.4 Preventive Maintenance of CB4.5.5 Predictive Maintenance of CB4.6 Insulators and Earth switching4.6.1 Description4.6.2 Various types of Insulators4.6.3 Causes and Nature of Failure4.6.4 Primitive Maintenance4.6.5 Preventive maintenance of Isolators4.7 Capacitor Bank4.7.1 Description4.7.2 Causes & Nature of Failure4.7.3 Primitive Maintenance of Capacitor Bank4.7.4 Preventative Maintenance of capacitor bank4.7.5 Predictive maintenance4.8 Control & relay panels4.8.1 Description4.8.2  Colors for Internal Wiring4.8.3 Causes & Nature of Failure4.8.4 Maintenance of Control Panel4.9 Bus Bar4.10 Battery& battery Charger4.10.1 Description4.10.2 Common Causes of Fault & Best Practices for Maintenance of battery4.10.3 Preventive Maintenance of Battery4.11 Earth Grid & Earthing System4.11.1 Types of Earthing4.11.2 Common Earth System for Low and High Voltage Systems4.11.3 Overhead Lines are Earthed4.11.4 Preventive Maintenance schedule  of Earth Grid5.0 Best   Practice   in   Operation      Maintenance   of   Transformer and Protection Systems5.1 Power Transformer5.1.1 Description5.1.2 Causes & nature of Failure5.1.3 Primitive Maintenance of Power Transformer5.1.4 Visual checking of Transformer5.1.5 Preventive Maintenance schedule of Power Transformer5.1.6 Predictive Maintenance5.1.7 Condition Monitoring of Transformer5.2 Distribution Transformer5.2.1 Description5.2.2 Operation of Transformer5.2.3 Causes of Failure of Distribution Transformers5.2.4 Preventative Maintenance Schedule5.3 Protective Relays5.3.1 Description5.3.2 Over Current and Earth Fault Relay5.3.3 Transformer Protection5.3.4 Differential Relay5.3.5 Restricted Earth Fault Relay5.4 Feeder Protection5.5 Operational Mistakes6.0 International  Best  Practices  in Operation   Maintenance (Advanced Gadgets)6.1 Introduction6.2 Reclosure/Auto Reclosure6.3 Sanctionaliser6.4 Amorphous core transformer6.5 Dry Type Transformer6.6 Ring Main Unit6.7 Packaged Unit Substation (PUS)6.8 MV Switch Gear6.9 Fault Passage Indicator6.10 Automatic Power Factor Controller6.11 Transformer Load Analyser (TLA)6.11.1 Principle of Thermal Imaging6.11.2 Infrared Radiation6.11.3 Emissivity6.12 Tan-Delta Testing Kit6.12.1 Equipment required for Tan-Delta test kit6.13 Cable Fault Detector6.13.1 Megger Insulation Tester6.13.2 Polarization Index6.14 Gas Leakage Detector6.15 Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker6.16 Crimping Machine6.17 Oil Filtration Machine7.0 Best Practices in Distribution Engineering and Automation7.1 High Voltage Distribution System7.1.1 Technical Superiority of HVDS7.1.2 HVDS Single Phase Irrigation7.1.3 Additional advantages of HVDS7.1.4 Critical issues frequently faced on HVDS7.1.5 Economics7.1.6 Usage of Three numbers of Single Phase against One Three Phase Transformer in Urban Localities7.1.7 Restructuring existing LVDS to HVDS7.1.8 3-Phase HVDS7.1.9 Advantages of HVDS7.2 Aerial Bunch Conductor (ABC) based Distribution System7.2.1 Introduction7.2.2 Construction of ABC7.2.3 Material7.2.4 Stringing7.2.5 Jointing7.2.6 Application7.2.7 Advantages7.3 Consumer Indexing7.4 Up-to-Date Asset Register7.5 Distribution Automation7.5.1 Economical7.5.2 Technical7.6 Distribution Management System (DMS)7.7 Mobile Substation8.0 Best Practices in Operation & Maintenance of Energy Meters8.1 Provisions about Metering8.1.1 Indian Electricity Act 20038.1.2 Electricity Act 2003 Section 55 8.1.3 CEA Notification dated 17th March 20068.2 Meter Classification8.2.1 Variety of Meters8.2.2 Location of Meters8.2.3 Interface Meters8.2.4 Consumer Meters8.2.5 Energy accounting and Audit Meters8.2.6 Generating Stations8.2.7 Transmission Stations8.2.8 Distribution System8.2.9 Metering accuracy comparison of Electromechanical Vs Electronic Energy Meters8.2.10 Communication facility in Meters8.3 Factor affecting Metering Accuracy & Reliability8.3.1 Calibration and periodical testing of Meters8.4 Installation of Best Practices8.5 Best Practices for Reliable Metering8.6 Storage Methodology in TVMs8.7 Testing of Meters8.7.1 Pre Installation Laborotory testing8.7.2 Onsite Tests8.7.3 Joint Inspection of Meter8.8 Meter Sealing8.9 Latest Advanced Technology in Metering8.9.1 Meter Data Acquisition (MDA)8.9.2 AMR Technology8.9.3 Prepaid Metering