Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices (eBook)

Dr. Rajesh Singh is currently associated with University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun as Associate Professor and with additional responsibility as Head Institute of Robotics Technology (R&D).  He has been awarded a gold medal in M.Tech and honors in his B.Tech. His area of expertise includes embedded systems, robotics and wireless sensor networks.  He has organized and conducted a number of workshops, summer internships and expert lectures for students as well as faculty. He has twelve patents and published around hundred research papers in referred journals/conferences. Under his mentorship students have participated in national/international competitions including Texas competition in Delhi and Laureate award of excellence in robotics engineering in Spain. Twice in last four years he has been awarded with certificate of appreciation from University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for exemplary work. He got Certificate of appreciation for mentoring the projects submitted to Texas Instruments Innovation challenge India design contest, from Texas Instruments, in 2015. He has been honored with young investigator award at the International Conference on Science and Information in 2012. He has published a book on “Embedded System based on Atmega Microcontroller” with NAROSA publishing house. He is editor to a special issue published by AISC book series, Springer with title “Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices 2016”.Dr. S. Choudhury is Head of the Department of Electronics, Instrumentation, and Control in the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies. He has teaching experience of 26 years and he has completed his Ph.D. from the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, M.Tech (Gold Medalist) from Tezpur Central University, India and received his B.E. degree from NIT, Silchar University, India. He has published more than 70 papers in various national/international conferences/journals. He has filed 10 patents. His area of interest is Zigbee-based wireless networks. He has been selected as the outstanding scientist of the twenty-first century by the Cambridge Biographical Centre, UK. He has also been selected in the who’s who of the world in science by Marquis Who’s Who, USA.Ms. Anita Gehlot has more than 10 years of teaching experience in embedded systems and wireless sensor networks. She has 10 patents in her account. She has published more than fifty research papers in refereed journals and conferences. She has organized a number of workshops, summer internships and expert lectures for students. She has been awarded with certificate of appreciation from University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for exemplary work. She has published a book on “Embedded System based on Atmega Microcontroller” with NAROSA publication house.

Preface 6
Steering Committee 7
Chief Patron 7
Patron(s) 7
General Chair 7
Program Chair 7
Organizing Chair 7
Organizing Co-chair 8
Publicity Chair 8
Public Relation Chair 8
Session Management Chair 8
Editors (AISC Book Series—Intelligent Communication, Control & Devices, 2017)
Organizing Committee 8
International Committee 11
Keynote Speakers 13
Contents 16
About the Editors 32
1 Impact of Sand Erosion on Hydroturbines: A Case Study of Hydropower Plant in Himachal Pradesh, India 34
Abstract 34
1 Introduction 35
1.1 Related Works 36
2 Location of Study 37
3 Data Collection 39
3.1 SSC and River Discharge 39
3.2 Weight Loss of Hydromachinery 39
4 Data Analysis 40
4.1 Suspended Sediment Concentration Pattern 40
4.2 Size Analysis of Sediment Particles 42
4.3 Mineralogy of Sediments and Shape Analysis 42
4.4 Effect of Silt Erosion on Performance of Hydroturbines 43
5 Conclusion 44
References 45
2 Design, Analysis, and Assessment of Efficiency of Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Operating Under the Rated Voltage: A Design Consideration for Rural Areas 46
Abstract 46
1 Introduction 47
1.1 Effects of Under Voltages 48
1.2 Results, Discussions and Recommendations 48
1.3 Performance Optimization 50
2 Conclusion 53
References 54
3 Tunable Universal Filter in ±0.5 V 32 nm CNFET for ISM 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/Zigbee Transceivers 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 56
2 CNFET-Based Analog Building Block 57
3 Proposed CNFET-Based CM Universal Filter 58
4 Performance Evaluation 60
4.1 Simulation Results 60
4.2 Non-ideal and Parasitic Considerations 62
4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 62
5 Conclusion 63
References 63
4 Morphology of Plants Using Spatial Domain Image Enhancement Technique for the Mildew Detection 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Background 66
3 Design and Implementation Flowchart 67
4 Results 68
References 70
5 A High-Throughput FPGA-Based Architecture for Advanced Encryption Standard: AES-512 Using Pre-ciphered Lookup Table 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 73
2 Related Work 74
3 Hardware Implementation of AES-512 74
3.1 Character Encryption Generator (CEG) Module 76
3.2 Encrypted Character Storage (ECS) Module 76
3.3 Message Encryption (ME) Module 76
4 Results and Evaluation 78
5 Conclusion 78
References 79
6 Design and Calculation of Power Aperture Parameters with Variable SNR 80
Abstract 80
1 Introduction 80
2 Search Radar Equation 81
2.1 Radar Range Equation 81
2.2 Monostatic Radar Maximum Detectable Range 82
2.3 Bistatic Radar Receiver Output SNR 82
3 Kalman Filter 82
3.1 Algorithm 83
3.2 Filtering Process 83
4 Results and Conclusion 84
References 85
7 Low Power Adder Circuit Based on Coupling Technique 86
Abstract 86
1 Introduction 86
2 Adder Design 87
3 Analysis and Simulation of 12T Adder Circuit 89
3.1 Power Analysis 89
3.2 Delay Analysis 90
3.3 PDP Analysis 91
4 Comparative Analysis and Simulation of 10T and 12T Adders 91
4.1 Power Analysis 91
4.2 Delay Analysis 92
4.3 PDP Analysis 93
5 Conclusion 94
References 94
8 Analysis of the Relationship Between Substrate Properties and Patch Dimensions in Rectangular-Shaped Microstrip Antennas 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Relationships Between Substrate Thickness and Patch Dimensions 97
3 Relationships Between Substrate Permittivity and Patch Dimensions 99
4 Conclusions 101
References 102
9 Dual-Band Square Patch Antenna for Bluetooth and WiMAX Applications 103
Abstract 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Designing of Square Patch Antenna 104
3 Results and Discussion 106
4 Conclusions 107
References 110
10 Estimation of Probability of Detection and False Alarm Alert for Swerling Targets 112
Abstract 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Methodology and Modeling 114
2.1 Swerling Case I 114
2.2 Swerling Case II 115
2.3 Pulse Integration 115
2.4 Swerling Target I 117
2.5 Swerling Target II 117
3 Result and Discussion 118
3.1 Final Observation and Comparison of Swerling I and Swerling II 120
4 Conclusion 121
References 122
11 Tsallis Entropy Segmentation and Weighted KNN Classifier-Based Automatic DR Detection from Retinal Fundus Images 123
Abstract 123
1 Introduction 123
2 Literature Review 124
3 Method 125
3.1 Preprocessing 126
3.2 Segmentation 127
3.2.1 OD Detection and Elimination 127
3.2.2 Exudate Detection 127
3.3 Post-Processing 129
3.4 Classification and Optimization 129
4 Results 129
4.1 Simulated Results 129
4.2 Performance Evaluation 130
5 Conclusion 131
References 132
12 Contact Resistance-Dependent OTFT Behaviour: Effect of Channel Length 134
Abstract 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Simulation Set-up 135
3 SG-OTFT Electrical Characteristics and Parametric Extraction 136
3.1 Electrical Characteristics 136
3.2 Parameter Extraction 136
4 Analysis Based on Channel Length Variation 138
5 Conclusion 140
References 140
13 Enhancement in Efficiency of Hybrid Organic Photovoltaics by Variation in Anode Material 141
Abstract 141
1 Introduction 141
2 Hybrid Photovoltaic Cells 142
3 Transparent Electrodes in PV Cells 142
4 Basic Working Principle of Heterojunction Photovoltaics 143
5 Device Structure 144
6 Results and Analysis 144
7 Conclusion 146
References 146
14 Performance Analysis of Double Block Layer OLED and Variation in Ratio of Double Block Layer 148
Abstract 148
1 Introduction 148
2 OLED with Double Block Layer 149
3 Simulation Setup 150
4 Comparison of Variation in Ratio of Double Block Layer 151
5 Conclusion 153
References 153
15 Design and Performance Evaluation of Frequency Compression Algorithm for Marathi Hearing Aid Users 154
Abstract 154
1 Introduction 155
2 Hearing Aid and Design Consideration 156
3 Processing Conditions of Compressor 158
4 Simulated Results for Marathi Vowel 159
5 Conclusion 161
Acknowledgements 161
References 161
16 Emotion Recognition System for Patients with Behavioral Disorders 163
Abstract 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Hardware Development 164
2.1 Components 164
2.2 Block Diagram 165
3 Working 166
4 Software Development 167
5 Conclusion 168
References 169
17 A Review on Computer-Aided Modelling and Quantification of PET-CT Images for Accurate Segmentation to Bring Imagination to Life 170
Abstract 170
1 Introduction 171
1.1 Use of Quantification in Clinical Practice for Standardized Uptake Value 172
1.2 Problems in Medical Image Segmentation 172
1.3 Patient Preparation 172
2 Methods 173
2.1 Segmentation Methods Based on Region of Interest 173
2.2 Affinity Propagation 173
2.3 Boundary Detection 174
2.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Parameters 174
2.5 Rendering and 3D Modelling 174
3 Design Procedure 175
4 Experimental Result and Analysis 176
5 Conclusion 177
References 178
18 Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimized Gabor Filters for Content-Based Image Retrieval 179
Abstract 179
1 Introduction 179
2 Proposed Method 180
2.1 Feature Extraction Using HSV Color Histograms (Stage 1) 181
2.2 Feature Extraction Using 2D Gabor Filters with Optimized Genetic Algorithm 182
2.3 Feature Extraction Using Shape Signature Functions (Stage 3) 183
3 Experimental Results 184
4 Conclusion 185
References 185
19 Optimal ISA-PID-Based Drug Concentration Control in Cancer Chemotherapy 187
Abstract 187
1 Introduction 187
2 Mathematical Modeling of Chemotherapy 188
3 ISA-PID Controller 189
4 Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) 190
5 Simulation Results 190
6 Conclusion 193
References 193
20 Implementation of Adder Circuit Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata-Based Logic Gates 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Clock Zone 196
3 QCA Wire 197
4 Logic Gates Based on QCA Logic 197
4.1 Majority Gate 197
4.2 Inverter 197
5 QCA Cell Placement Technique: Crossover Technique 198
6 Conventional Circuit Using Multilayer Architecture 198
6.1 EX-OR Gate 198
6.2 Half Adder 199
6.3 Full Adder 199
7 Proposed Circuit of EX-OR Gate, Half Adder, and Full Adder Using Coplanar Technique 204
8 Comparison 204
9 Conclusion 205
References 205
21 FPGA Implementation of High Speed Multiplier with Optimized Reduction Phase 207
Abstract 207
1 Introduction 207
2 Array Multiplier 208
3 Wallace Tree Multiplier 208
4 Dadda Multiplier 210
5 CLA (Carry Look-Ahead Adder) 211
6 Multiplier Using CLA 211
7 FPGA 212
8 FPGA Implementation 213
8.1 Simulation Result 213
8.2 Comparative Analyses 214
9 Conclusion 215
References 215
22 A Sustainable Approach to Home Automation System in Perspective of Ensuring Energy Efficiency and Security 216
Abstract 216
1 Introduction 216
2 Paper Preparation 218
2.1 Lighting System 218
2.2 PIDS—Perimeter Intrusion Detection System 218
2.3 HVAC and Indoor Air Quality Management 219
2.4 Fire and Gas Detection System 220
2.5 CCTV System—Closed Circuit Television 221
3 Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Home Automation 222
3.1 Solar Tracking System 222
3.2 Scope for Geothermal in Fulfilment of Partial Energy Needs 224
4 The Future of Sustainable Homes 225
5 Conclusion 225
References 226
23 Low-Offset High-Speed CMOS Dynamic Voltage Comparator 227
Abstract 227
1 Introduction 227
2 Existing Architecture 228
2.1 Simulation Results 229
3 Proposed Comparator 231
3.1 Simulation Results 231
4 Conclusion 235
References 235
24 Vehicle Control Using Raspberry pi and Image Processing 236
Abstract 236
1 Introduction 237
2 Methodology 237
2.1 Traffic Signs and Signal Detection 237
2.2 Obstacle Detection 238
2.3 Security for Parking 238
2.4 Speed to Overtake 239
3 Hardware Connection 241
4 Project Phases 241
4.1 Phase 1: Remote Control Car 241
4.2 Phase 2: Autonomous Obstacle Avoidance 242
5 Results 242
6 Conclusion 242
7 Future Work 243
References 244
25 Self-organized Bacterial Evolutionary Dynamics: Fractal Characteristics 245
Abstract 245
1 Introduction 246
2 Bacterial Modeling Using Fibonacci Series 249
3 Conclusion 252
References 253
26 Diet Recommendation for Diabetic Patients Using MCDM Approach 254
Abstract 254
1 Introduction 254
1.1 Model Development 255
1.2 Defining Factors for Best Diet Selection 255
2 Decisions Parameters 256
2.1 Body Fat 256
2.2 Calories Burned 256
2.3 Health Carbs 256
2.4 Dietary Needs 256
3 Approach 256
4 The AHP 257
5 Fuzzy Topsis 257
6 Experimental Work 258
7 Validation 259
8 Results and Analysis 260
9 Conclusion 261
References 261
27 Software Component Quality Models: A Survey 262
Abstract 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Research Method 263
2.1 Research Question 263
2.2 Search Strategy 263
2.3 Selection Criteria 264
2.4 Data Extraction Strategy 264
3 Overview of the Included Papers 264
3.1 Selection Process 264
3.2 Year-Wise Trends of Paper Publishing 265
3.3 Most Referred Software Quality Models 266
3.4 Model-Wise–Year-Wise Trend of Paper Publishing 266
4 Review Results 269
4.1 Relevance of Pursuing Review of Existing Quality Models 269
4.2 Research Question 269
5 Conclusion 269
References 270
28 Achievable Spectral Efficiency with SIT-Based Channel Estimation Method in Next Generation Cellular Networks 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 272
2 Conventional Method 273
2.1 System Modeling 273
2.2 Pilot Pattern 274
3 Proposed Method 275
4 Simulation Results and Its Performance Analysis 277
5 Conclusion 279
References 279
29 Comparative Analysis of Workflow Scheduling Policies in Cloud Platforms 280
Abstract 280
1 Introduction 280
2 Related Work 281
3 Workflow Scheduling Taxonomy 282
4 Local Scheduling Policies 282
5 Global/Planning Algorithm 285
6 Simulation and Discussion 285
6.1 Simulation Setup 285
6.2 Discussion 285
7 Conclusion 287
References 288
30 Effect of Ratio of Protrusion Height to Print Diameter on Thermal Behaviour of Al2O3–H2O Nanofluid Flow in a Protrusion Obstacle Square Channel 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 290
2 CFD Simulation 291
2.1 Computational Geometry 291
2.2 Mathematical Equations 292
2.3 Grid Independency Test 293
3 Properties of Nanofluid 293
4 Validation of CFD Models 294
5 Results and Discussion 294
5.1 Heat and Fluid Flow 294
5.2 Thermal Hydraulic Performance 296
6 Conclusion 297
References 298
31 PI-Based DSTATCOM Controller for Voltage Control in Weak Power Systems 300
Abstract 300
1 Introduction 301
2 Principle of Operation 302
3 Objectives 303
4 System Modeling 303
5 Achievements 305
6 System Parameters 305
7 Effect After Inserting DSTATCOM 305
8 Control Strategy 309
9 Filter Design 310
10 Harmonic Reduction 312
11 Conclusion 313
References 313
32 Comparative Survey of Swarm Intelligence Optimization Approaches for ANN Optimization 315
Abstract 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Related Work 316
3 Artificial Neural Network 317
4 Swarm Intelligence Algorithms 317
4.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 317
4.2 Intelligent Water Drop Algorithm 318
4.3 Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm 320
4.4 Artificial Bee Colony Optimization Algorithm 321
5 ANN Using Swarm Intelligent Algorithms 321
6 Comparison 322
7 Conclusion 323
Acknowledgements 323
References 324
33 Face Recognition Using Various Methods and Applications—Survey 325
Abstract 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Related Work 327
3 Methods of Face Recognition 327
3.1 Complete Method 328
3.2 Feature-Based Method 329
3.3 Mixture Methods 329
4 Applications of Face Recognition 330
4.1 Commercial 330
4.2 Government 330
4.3 Forensic 331
4.4 Process of Face Recognition 332
5 Conclusion 333
References 333
34 A Review of Various Categories of Satellite Image Processing in Remote Sensing 335
Abstract 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Related Work 337
3 Several Categories in Satellite Imagery 338
3.1 Register Image [8] 338
3.2 Rectification 338
3.3 Enhanced Images 339
3.3.1 Contrast 339
3.3.2 Enhanced Contrast 339
3.3.3 Stretch Linear Constrast 339
3.3.4 Spatial Filter 340
3.4 Classification [10] 340
4 Classification Techniques in Remote Sensing 340
4.1 Unmanaged Classification 340
4.2 Managed Classification Rate 341
4.3 Entity-Based Image Classification Examination 341
5 Conclusion 342
References 343
35 RNA: Structure, Prediction, and Visualization Tools 344
Abstract 344
1 Introduction 344
1.1 RNA 345
1.2 Types of RNA 345
1.3 RNA Secondary Structure 348
2 Components of RNA Secondary Structure 348
2.1 RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Techniques 349
2.2 RNA Visualization Tools 350
3 Conclusion and Future Work 352
References 352
36 Data Traffic Modeling of ML-MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks 355
Abstract 355
1 Introduction 355
2 Related Work 356
2.1 Traffic Modeling 357
3 Mathematical Analysis of Traffic Inter-arrival Time Models 358
3.1 Parameters of Distribution Function 358
3.2 Poisson Distribution 359
3.3 Pareto Distribution 359
3.4 Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) 359
4 Simulation Results 360
4.1 Energy Consumption 361
4.2 Average Packet Delay 361
5 Conclusion 363
References 364
37 Supervised Learning Technique for Prediction of Diseases 365
Abstract 365
1 Introduction 366
1.1 General Theory of Artificial Neural Networks 366
1.2 Artificial Neural Networks Training Methods 367
1.3 Characteristics 367
1.4 Applications 368
2 Literature Review 368
3 Methodology 372
3.1 Simulation Tool Used MATLAB 372
4 Result 373
5 Conclusion 375
6 Future Work 376
Declaration 376
References 376
38 A Critical Review on the Application and Problems Caused by False Alarms 378
Abstract 378
1 Introduction 379
2 Fire Alarm System 380
3 Fire Detectors & Sensors
3.1 Fire Alarm 381
3.2 Problems and Solutions for False Alarm Systems and Evacuation Strategies 381
3.3 Comparison Between India and Japan Evacuation Strategies 383
3.4 Causes of False Alarms 383
4 Solutions 385
5 Conclusion 385
References 386
39 Enhancement of Transient Stability of Multimachine System Using TCSC, SSSC and UPFC 388
Abstract 388
1 Introduction 388
2 Study System 389
2.1 Fault Condition 389
2.2 Post-fault Condition with TCSC 390
2.3 Post-Fault Condition with SSSC 392
2.4 Post-fault Condition with UPFC 392
3 Simulation Results 393
4 Conclusion 393
Appendix 1 395
Appendix 2 396
References 397
40 Linear Flight Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 399
Abstract 399
1 Introduction 399
2 Model Dynamics 400
3 Controller Design Method 401
3.1 Pole Placement Method 401
4 Simulation Result 404
References 406
41 Hybrid Encryption Algorithm in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) 407
Abstract 407
1 Introduction 407
2 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) 408
3 Literature Review 410
4 Proposed Framework 411
4.1 Introduction 411
4.2 Details of Proposed System 412
4.2.1 Registration Phase 412
4.2.2 Authentication Phase 412
4.2.3 ECHD Key Exchange Phase 413
4.2.4 Encryption Phase 414
4.2.5 Decryption Phase 415
5 Conclusion 415
References 416
42 Integrated Sensors for Risk Assessment in Industries and Residential Sectors: A Review 417
Abstract 417
1 Introduction 418
2 Problem Definition 419
3 Types of Sensors and Their Applications 420
3.1 Smoke Detectors 420
3.2 Heat Detectors 420
3.3 Flame Detectors 420
3.4 Gas Detectors 421
4 Conclusion 422
References 423
43 A Novel Approach for Node Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks 424
Abstract 424
1 Introduction 424
1.1 Overview of Localization 425
1.2 Range-Based Schemes 426
1.3 Range-Free Schemes 426
2 Related Work 427
3 Scope of the Study 429
4 Parameters of Consideration and Mobility 429
5 Proposed Algorithm 431
6 Conclusion 432
References 433
44 A Purely Active Circuit Simulator for Realizing Electronically Tunable Floating Resistance 434
Abstract 434
1 Introduction 435
2 Proposed Configuration 436
3 Non-ideal Analysis and Sensitivity Calculations 438
4 Effects of Parasitics 440
4.1 Application Example 443
5 Simulation Results and Discussion 444
6 Conclusions 445
References 445
45 Comparative Study of OLSR, DSDV, AODV, DSR and ZRP Routing Protocols Under Blackhole Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network 447
Abstract 447
1 Introduction 447
2 Related Works 448
3 Routing Protocol 449
3.1 Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) 449
3.2 Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) 450
3.3 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) 450
3.4 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) 450
3.5 Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) 451
4 Blackhole Attack 451
5 Experiment and Results 452
6 Conclusion and Future Work 454
References 455
46 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Design for Lower Order Random Vibrations 458
Abstract 458
1 Introduction 458
2 Simulations and Discussion 459
3 Experimental Set-up and Results 462
4 Conclusion 466
References 467
47 Design and Development of IoT-Based Transmission Line Monitoring System 468
Abstract 468
1 Introduction 468
2 Server Section 469
3 Robot Section 469
4 Software Development 471
5 Result 471
6 Future Scope and Conclusions 471
References 473
48 Critical Analysis and Review of Occupational, Environmental and Health Issues Related to Inadequate Disposal of E-Waste 475
Abstract 475
1 Introduction 475
2 Classification and Effects of E-Waste 477
3 Global E-Waste Scenario 478
3.1 Africa, Ghana 478
3.2 China 478
3.3 India 479
4 Impacts of E-Waste on Health 480
5 Hazards and Risk Associated with E-Waste Recycling 483
6 Harmful Practices Related to Treatment of E-Waste 483
7 Hazards and Risk Associated with Burning of E-Waste 484
8 Conclusion 484
References 484
49 Design and Development of Air and Water Pollution Quality Monitoring Using IoT and Quadcopter 487
Abstract 487
1 Introduction 488
2 Theory 489
2.1 Causes of Water Pollution 489
2.2 Causes of Air Pollution 489
2.3 Key Facts 489
3 Proposed System 490
3.1 Master Drone 490
3.2 Flying Robot 490
3.3 Land Robot 491
4 Component Description 491
5 Result and Discussion 493
6 Future Scope of the Work 493
References 493
50 Network Forensic Process Model and Framework: An Alternative Scenario 495
Abstract 495
1 Introduction 495
2 Related Work 496
3 Process Model and Framework 497
3.1 Proposed Network Forensic Standard Process Model 497
3.2 Proposed Network Forensic Framework 499
4 Challenges 503
5 Conclusion 503
References 503
51 Modeling and Simulation of ECG Signal for Heartbeat Application 505
Abstract 505
1 Introduction 505
2 Proposed Architecture of the Overall System 506
2.1 Coefficient Generation for Notch and High Pass Noise Removal Filter 506
3 Results and Discussion 510
4 Waveform Description 510
5 Conclusion 512
References 512
52 Fingerprint Acquisition Methodologies and Its Upgradation with IoT 514
Abstract 514
1 Introduction 515
2 Fingerprint Verification Theory 516
2.1 Terminology 516
2.2 FAR and FRR 517
3 Fingerprint Scanning Technologies 517
3.1 Inked Capture 517
3.2 Latent Fingerprint 518
3.3 Optical Sensors 518
3.4 Solids State Capacitive Sensor 518
3.5 Ultrasonic Sensor 519
3.6 Temperature Sensor 519
4 Major Application Field of Fingerprint Reorganization Technology 519
4.1 Voter Registration and Identification 520
4.2 Border Control via Passport Verification by Using Biological Parameter 520
4.3 Population Census by Using Biometrics 520
5 Management Issue in Fingerprint Acquisition Technologies 520
5.1 Research in Management Issue 521
5.2 False Positive Rejects and False Negative Acceptance 521
5.3 Hardware and Software Problem 521
5.4 Security Attacks 522
6 Limitation Within Fingerprint Technology 522
7 Fingerprint Sensor and IoT Application Gateway 523
8 Conclusion and Result 524
References 524
53 Security Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network: A Critical Survey 527
Abstract 527
1 Introduction 527
2 Security Requirements for VANETs 528
3 Challenges and Impact 529
4 Types of Attacks 529
4.1 Nature of Attack 529
4.2 Attack Target 530
4.3 Attack Impact 530
4.4 Classification of Attacks on Different Layers 530
5 Various Security Techniques 531
5.1 Identification Mechanism 531
5.2 Electronic Identification 531
5.3 Pseudonymous Certificates 531
5.4 Non-repudiation 532
5.5 Confidentiality 532
5.6 Denial-of-Service and Availability 534
6 Conclusion 534
References 535
54 Impact of Buried Oxide Layer Thickness on the Performance Parameters of SOI FinFET at 22 nm Node Technology 537
Abstract 537
1 Introduction 537
1.1 FinFET Device Structure 538
2 Simulation Result and Discussion 539
2.1 Threshold Voltage and DIBL as a Function of Buried Oxide Layer Thickness 541
2.2 Effect of Buried Oxide Layer Thickness on Ion/Ioff Current Ratio of the Device 541
3 Conclusion 542
References 543
55 Line-Based Successive Cancellation Decoder with Reduced Complexity 545
Abstract 545
1 Introduction 545
2 Polar Code Construction 546
2.1 SC Decoding 547
3 Implementation 547
4 Simulation Results 550
5 Conclusion 551
References 552
56 Metal Artefact Reduction from Dental CBCT Image Using Morphology and Fuzzy Logic 553
Abstract 553
1 Introduction 554
2 Proposed Method 555
2.1 Morphology Approach to Metal Artefact Reduction 555
2.2 Fuzzy Approach for Contrast Enhancement 556
3 Results and Discussion 556
4 Conclusion 559
Acknowledgements 559
References 559
57 Mitigation of Signal Interference by Positioning FFT Window for OFDMA System 561
Abstract 561
1 Introduction 562
2 Modelling of OFDMA System 562
3 Proposed System 564
4 Simulation Results 565
5 Conclusion 567
References 567
58 Effect of Skin Impedance on Delay and Crosstalk in Lossy and Non-uniform On-Chip Interconnects 569
Abstract 569
1 Introduction 569
2 Modelling of FDTD Algorithm for Non-uniform Lossy Interconnect System 570
2.1 Modelling of Non-uniform Lossy Interconnects with Frequency Dependency 570
3 Results and Discussions 574
4 Conclusion 576
References 576
59 Modeling of Coupler Dynamics of Gatimaan Express 577
Abstract 577
1 Introduction 577
2 Equations for Coupling Dynamics of Gatimaan Express 579
3 Development of Coupling Dynamics Model in Matlab/Simulink® 580
4 Conclusion and Remarks 584
5 Future Works 584
References 584
60 Soil and Environment Conditions Based Smart Analysis System for Plant Growth Using IoT 586
Abstract 586
1 Introduction 586
2 Experimental Discussion 587
2.1 Variety of Sensors Used 587
2.2 RF Module for Sending Data from Arduino1 to Arduino2 590
3 Figures and Explanations 591
4 Formulas 594
5 Flowcharts 595
6 Conclusion 596
References 596
61 Design of Novel Through Silicon via Structures for Reduced Crosstalk Effects in 3D IC Applications 598
Abstract 598
1 Introduction 598
2 Electrical Modelling of TSV with Analytic Equations 599
3 Proposed TSV Results and Its Analysis 602
4 Conclusion 603
Acknowledgements 604
References 604
62 A Cost Effective and Performance Enhanced Deadlock Recovery Scheme for Wormhole Routed Networks 605
Abstract 605
1 Introduction 606
2 Wormhole Switching 606
3 Deadlock Recovery Scheme ‘Disha’ 607
4 Deadlock Recovery Scheme ‘Disha Enhanced’ 607
4.1 Interconnection Network in the Proposed Scheme ‘Disha Enhanced’ 608
4.2 Recovery Path 609
4.3 Deadlock Situations 609
4.4 Architecture of Routers 611
5 Performance of the Proposed Scheme 612
6 Cost Model 613
7 Analysis 615
8 Conclusion 619
References 620
63 Performance Enhancement of Point-to-Point FSO System under Rain Weather Conditions 621
Abstract 621
1 Introduction 621
2 System Consideration 623
2.1 System Design 623
2.2 Link Analysis 623
2.2.1 Rain 623
2.3 WDM-Based System Design 625
3 Results and Discussion 626
3.1 System I 626
3.2 System II 626
3.3 System I Versus System II 628
4 Conclusions and Future Scope 628
References 629
64 Choice of Right Dimension and Position of Microstrip Feedline for the Bandwidth Improvement of Microstrip Antenna 630
Abstract 630
1 Introduction 630
2 Antenna Dimensions 631
3 Observation and Discussion 632
4 Conclusions 635
References 635
65 Recommendation and Interest of Users 636
Abstract 636
1 Introduction 637
2 Basic Concepts 637
2.1 Recommender System (RS) 637
2.2 Content-Based Recommender Systems (CBRS) 638
2.3 Collaborative Filtering (COF)-Based Recommender System (CFRS) 639
2.3.1 Memory-Based Collaborative Filtering (MBCF) 639
2.3.2 Model-Based Collaborative Filtering (MOBCF) 640
2.4 Hybrid Recommender Systems (HRS) 640
2.5 Social Recommendation System (SRS) 640
2.5.1 Memory-Based Social Recommender Systems (MBSORS) 640
2.5.2 Model-Based Social Recommender Systems (MOBSOS) 641
3 Discussion 641
3.1 Positive Experiences in Social Recommendation 641
3.2 Negative Experiences in Social Recommendation 642
4 Conclusion 642
References 642
66 A Life-Saving Approach: Traffic Control System to Prioritize Ambulance on Road 644
Abstract 644
1 Introduction 645
2 Theory and Principle Involved 645
3 Fabrication and Methodology 646
4 Mathematical Calculation 647
5 Conclusion 648
References 648
67 Save the Real Nectar: Water Distribution System in Multi-storied Apartments 650
Abstract 650
1 Introduction 651
2 Theory and Principle Involved 652
3 Fabrication and Methodology 652
4 Mathematical Calculation 653
5 Conclusion 655
References 655
68 Domain Dictionary-Based Metadata Construction for Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data 657
Abstract 657
1 Introduction 658
2 System Model and Implementation 658
2.1 Initialization Phase 659
2.2 Metadata Construction 659
2.3 Index Construction 660
3 Analysis 661
3.1 Space Analysis of the Proposed Scheme 661
3.2 Efficient and Secure Index Generation and Domain Building 661
4 Related Work 662
5 Conclusion 664
References 664
69 Reconstruction Using Sparse Approximation 666
Abstract 666
1 Introduction 666
2 Related Work 667
3 Algorithms 668
4 Experimental Results 669
5 Conclusion 672
References 672
70 A Corporate Network-Fed Quasi-lumped Resonator Antenna Array 674
Abstract 674
1 Introduction 674
2 Proposed Antenna Array Design 675
2.1 Single Element Design 675
2.2 8 × 1 Corporate-Fed Array 676
2.3 8 × 2 Corporate-Fed Array 677
3 Experimental Results and Discussions 677
3.1 8 × 1 Corporate-Fed Array 677
3.2 8 × 2 Corporate-Fed Array 679
3.3 Comparison Between 8 × 1 and 8 × 2 Corporate-Fed Array 680
4 Conclusion 680
References 681
71 Optimal Placement of Solar PV as Active Power Source in Primary Distribution System for Loss Reduction 682
Abstract 682
1 Introduction 682
2 Distributed Generation 683
3 Sizing and Location Using Analytical Method 684
3.1 Optimal Size 684
3.2 Site for Optimal DG 685
4 The System Under Consideration and Test Results 685
5 Economics of SPV Placement 689
6 Conclusion 692
References 692
72 Electrodynamic Study of a Novel Microstrip Ring Based on Finite Integral Technique Numerical Computational Code 694
Abstract 694
1 Introduction 694
2 The Operational Principle 695
3 Experimental Results and Discussions 699
4 Conclusion 701
References 702
73 Decaying Objects of Constant Demand Speed and Dependent of Time Within Permitted Delay in Imbursement of the Model of Inventory Level 703
Abstract 703
1 Introduction 703
2 Assumptions and Notations of This Paper 704
3 Mathematical Solution and Formulation of This Paper 705
4 Mathematical Examples of Paper 709
5 Sensitivity Analysis of Tables of This Paper 710
6 Conclusion 711
References 711
74 A Highly Secure Video Steganography Inside DWT Domain Hinged on BCD Codes 712
Abstract 712
1 Introduction 713
2 Relevant Work 714
3 Discrete Wavelet Transform 715
4 BCD Codes 715
5 The Propounded Steganography Algorithm 716
5.1 Data Embedding Process 716
6 Experimental Results and Explanations 718
6.1 Visual Calibre Factor 719
7 Conclusion 721
References 722
75 Development of Multi-verse Optimizer (MVO) for LabVIEW 723
Abstract 723
1 Introduction 724
2 MVO Description 725
3 Development of MVO Toolkit 725
3.1 Generate Initial Universes.VI 725
3.2 Inflation Rate.VI 726
3.3 Calculation of WEP and TDR.VI 726
3.4 Elitism.VI 727
3.5 Position Updating.VI 727
4 Results and Discussion 728
5 Conclusion 730
References 730
76 Edge Detection Using Fuzzy Logic (Fuzzy Sobel, Fuzzy Template, and Fuzzy Inference System) 732
Abstract 732
1 Introduction 732
2 Literature Survey 733
3 Various Techniques for Edge Detection 734
3.1 Edge Detection Lean on Gradient 734
3.2 Edge Detection Lean on Laplacian (Zero Crossing) 734
4 Applied Algorithms 735
4.1 Sobel Fuzzy Edge Detector 735
4.2 Template Fuzzy Edge Detector 735
4.3 Detection of Edge Using Fuzzy Inference System (FZYIFSM) 736
5 Comparison of Edge Detection 737
5.1 The Result of Sobel Fuzzy Edge Detector 737
5.2 The Result of Fuzzy Template-Based Edge Detector 738
5.3 The Result of Fuzzy Inference System 738
6 Results and Discussions 739
7 Conclusions and Future Scope 742
References 742
77 Performance Analysis of COADM-Based Transparent Optical Network 744
Abstract 744
1 Introduction 744
2 System Description 745
3 Simulation and Results 745
4 Conclusion 749
References 751
78 ZigBee and GSM Based Fault Detection System for Low Tension Pillar 752
Abstract 752
1 Introduction 752
2 Hardware Development 753
3 Software Development’s 755
3.1 Proteus Simulation Model 755
3.2 LabVIEW Model 756
4 Results 757
5 Conclusion 758
References 759
79 Performance Evaluation of Wavelet-Based Image Compression Techniques 760
Abstract 760
1 Introduction 760
2 Overview of Wavelet-Based Compression Techniques 761
2.1 SPIHT 761
2.2 SPECK 762
2.3 JPEG2000 762
3 Simulation Results 763
4 Conclusion 767
References 768
80 Intelligent AVR Control of a Single Thermal Area Combined with LFC Loop 769
Abstract 769
1 Introduction 769
2 Modeling of FLC Loop 770
3 Modeling of AVR Loop 771
4 Automatic Generation Control 773
5 Control Methodology 773
5.1 Conventional Control: PID 773
5.2 Intelligent Control: Fuzzy Logic 774
6 Results and Discussions 776
7 Conclusion 778
References 779
81 Object Size Determination Grasped by a Four-Finger Gripper Using Workspace Analysis 780
Abstract 780
1 Introduction 780
2 Methodology 782
3 Position Vectors 784
3.1 Position Vector for Finger 784
3.2 Position Vector for Thumb 784
4 Workspace 785
5 Maximum Size of the Object that the Hand Can Grasp for Precision Grasping 785
6 Conclusions 786
References 786
82 Estimation of Parameters of Target Using RADAR Data Sets 788
Abstract 788
1 Introduction 788
1.1 Working of Typical Radar 789
1.2 Classification of RADAR 789
2 Methodology 790
3 Implementation in MATLAB 791
4 Results and Discussions 792
References 792
83 Implementation of Smart Home Automation System on FPGA Board Using IoT 794
Abstract 794
1 Introduction 794
2 Proposed Algorithm 795
2.1 Block Diagram 795
2.2 Description 796
3 Results 797
4 Conclusion 798
5 Future Scope 798
References 799
84 Mobile App-Based Device Control for Robotic Movement 800
Abstract 800
1 Introduction 800
2 Approach Used 801
2.1 Transmitter Diagram 801
2.2 Receiver Block Diagram 802
3 Working 803
3.1 Robot Body 803
3.2 Transmitter 803
3.3 Receiver 803
4 Experimental Results 804
5 Developed System 804
6 Conclusion 805
7 Future Work 805
References 805
85 Feature Recognition of Face with Real-Time Variations Using Eigen Face Approach Methodology with PCA Algorithm 807
Abstract 807
1 Introduction 808
2 Approach Used 808
2.1 Figuring the Principle Components 808
3 Implementation 809
3.1 Face Viewed as a Vector 809
4 Steps to Be Followed for Face Recognition Using PCA 809
5 Coding in MATLAB 812
6 Results 813
6.1 Test 1 813
6.2 Test 2 814
6.3 Test 3 814
6.4 Following Conclusions Can Be Drawn from the Above Tests 815
7 Conclusion and Future Scope 815
References 815
86 Speed Regulation of a Non-linear Separately Excited DC Motor Using Optimized Fuzzy Logic Control 817
Abstract 817
1 Introduction 817
1.1 Speed Control of a Separately Excited DC Motor 818
2 Fuzzy Logic Control and Optimization Algorithm 819
3 Speed Control of SEDM 820
3.1 Architecture for Fuzzy Logic-Based Control of SEDM 820
4 Results and Discussion 823
5 Conclusion 824
References 825
87 Ranking of Educational Web Sites in Indian Perspective for Usability Evaluation 826
Abstract 826
1 Introduction 826
2 Research Methodology 827
3 Experimental Work 828
4 Validation by Entropy Method 829
5 Results and Analysis 831
6 Conclusion 831
References 832
88 Adaptability Evaluation of E-commerce Websites in Indian Perspective 833
Abstract 833
1 Introduction 833
2 Literature Review 834
3 Methodology 835
4 Approach 836
5 Experimental Set-up 836
6 Validation by Entropy Method 838
7 Rank and Analysis 839
8 Conclusion 840
References 840
89 Improvement and Approval of Impediment Recognition and Activity for Power Window 841
Abstract 841
1 Introduction 842
1.1 Block Diagram 843
2 Controller Design 846
2.1 Hardware Model 846
3 Results and Discussions 848
4 Conclusions 849
References 850
90 Design and Performance Analysis of Four-Port Discontinuous Patch Antenna 851
Abstract 851
1 Introduction 852
2 Antenna Design 853
2.1 Figures 853
3 Conclusion 856
References 856
91 A Compact, High-Radiation Efficient, and High-Gain Micro-Strip Patch Antenna Array for Millimeter Wave Applications 858
Abstract 858
1 Introduction 858
2 Antenna Array Structure 859
3 Results and Discussion 860
4 Conclusion 863
References 863
92 Automatic Street Lighting System 864
Abstract 864
1 Introduction 865
2 Related Works 865
3 System Design and Methodology 866
3.1 Block Diagram 866
3.2 Circuit Diagram 867
3.3 Component Description 868
3.4 Flowchart 870
4 Result 871
5 Conclusion 872
References 872
93 Efficient Method to Implement Arithmetic Operations Using Binary Logarithmic Algorithms for Reduced Circuit Complexity with Error Analysis 873
Abstract 873
1 Introduction 873
1.1 Mitchell’s Algorithm 874
2 Approach Used 875
2.1 Error Calculation 876
3 Working 876
3.1 Example for Multiplication 877
3.2 Example for Division 877
4 Experimental Results 877
5 Conclusion 878
6 Future Works 878
References 878
94 Design of Efficient DC Power Supply for High-Voltage Low-Current Applications 879
Abstract 879
1 Introduction 879
2 Literature Survey 880
2.1 Flyback Converter 880
2.2 Cockcroft–Walton Voltage Multiplier 881
3 Model and Design 883
3.1 Flyback Converter 883
3.2 Cockcroft–Walton Voltage Multiplier 884
4 Results and Output Waveforms 885
4.1 Flyback Converter 886
4.2 Cockcroft–Walton Voltage Multiplier 887
5 Conclusions 888
References 889
95 Design and Performance Analysis of High Gain Narrow Band Patch Antenna Array at X-Band 890
Abstract 890
1 Introduction 891
2 Dimension of Array Antenna 891
3 Results 893
4 Conclusion 895
Acknowledgements 895
References 895
96 Design of an Efficient Rectifier Circuit Based on Karthaus-Fischer Voltage Multiplier for Energy Harvesting 896
Abstract 896
1 Introduction 896
1.1 Related Work 896
1.2 Contribution 898
1.3 Organization of Paper 898
2 Rectifier Design Based on Karthaus-Fischer Voltage Multiplier 898
2.1 Unmatched Circuit 899
2.2 Matching Circuit 899
3 Results and Discussion 900
3.1 Results of Unmatched Circuit 900
3.2 Results of Matched Circuit 901
4 Conclusion 904
References 904
97 Longitudinal Control of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle by PID Controller 906
Abstract 906
1 Introduction 906
2 Model Dynamics 907
2.1 State Space Model 909
3 Design of PID Controller 910
4 Simulation Results 911
5 Conclusion 913
References 913
98 Control Schemes for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Variable Speed Wind Turbine 915
Abstract 915
1 Introduction 916
2 System Interpretation 916
3 Modeling of WT System 917
4 Modeling of PM Synchronous Generator 917
5 Control Schemes for PMSG 918
5.1 Direct Control Scheme 918
5.2 Vector Control Scheme for PMSG 919
6 Results with Discussion 919
6.1 Performance of System with Traditional Indirect Vector Control Method 920
6.2 System Performance with Direct Control Scheme 921
7 Conclusion 923
Appendix 923
References 924
99 Auto-Sensing Moisture Control for a Photo-Voltaic Based Irrigation System 925
Abstract 925
1 Introduction 925
1.1 Characteristics of PVA 926
1.2 Microcontroller (8051) 927
1.3 Results 930
2 Calculation 930
3 Conclusion 931
References 932
100 Hardware Implementation of Solar Assisted Automatic Curtain Control System 933
Abstract 933
1 Introduction 934
2 System Description 935
2.1 Solar PV Technology 935
2.2 CVC Based MPPT Assisted DC–DC Boost Converter 935
2.3 Motor Controller Circuit 937
2.4 Window Curtain Structure 938
3 System Implementation 938
4 Results and Discussion 940
5 Conclusion 942
Appendix 942
References 942
101 Performance Analysis of Automatic Cleaning System for Solar PV Modules 944
Abstract 944
1 Introduction 945
2 System Description 946
3 Experimental Setup 946
4 Results and Discussion 947
4.1 Performance Evaluation of PV Modules Under Stationary Conditions 947
4.2 Performance Evaluation of PV Modules Under Sun Tracking Conditions 948
4.3 Performance Evaluation of PV Modules Under Sun Tracking Along with Automatic Dust Cleaning Conditions 950
4.4 Comparison of Electrical Parameters Under the Considered Experimental Setup Conditions 951
5 Conclusion 952
References 952
102 Double Gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor with Extended Source Structure and Impact Ionization Enhanced Current 954
Abstract 954
1 Introduction 954
2 Schematic of Double Gate TFETs 955
3 Device Simulation and Results 956
4 Conclusion 960
References 960
103 Integration of Cognitive Radio with Heterogeneous Smart Grid Communication Architecture 962
Abstract 962
1 Introduction 963
2 Heterogeneous Communication Architecture of Smart Grid 963
2.1 Home Area Network (HAN) 964
2.2 Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) 964
2.3 Wide Area Network (WAN) 964
3 Standard for Cognitive Radio Applications 965
4 Integration of Cognitive Radio with Smart Grid Heterogeneous Communication Architecture 966
4.1 Interweave Cognitive Radio Networks 966
4.2 Overlay Cognitive Radio Networks 966
4.3 Underlay Cognitive Radio Networks 967
4.4 Home Area Cognitive Networks 967
4.5 Neighborhood Area Cognitive Networks 968
4.6 Wide Area Cognitive Networks 968
5 Conclusion 969
References 969
104 Comparison Between the Performance of Trigate Junctionless Transistor and Double-Gate Junctionless Transistor with Same Device Length 971
Abstract 971
1 Introduction 971
1.1 Device Structure of Trigate Junctionless Transistor and Double-Gate Junctionless Transistor 972
2 Simulation Result and Discussion 974
3 Conclusion 976
References 977
105 Analysis of Mahout Big Data Clustering Algorithms 978
Abstract 978
1 Introduction 978
2 Literature Review 979
3 Proposed Work and Its Implementation 980
3.1 Tools Used 981
4 Implementation Outline 981
4.1 Extracting and Converting Data 981
4.2 Loading to Hadoop and Sequential File Creation 981
4.3 Generating Weights and Vectors 982
4.4 Applying Clustering Algorithms with Tested Scenarios 983
5 Results 984
6 Conclusions 986
References 986
106 Bandwidth Enhancement of Micro-strip Patch Antenna Using Disconnected U-Shaped DGS 988
Abstract 988
1 Introduction 988
1.1 Related Work 988
1.2 Contribution 989
1.3 Organization of Paper 989
2 Antenna Design 989
2.1 Antenna Design A 990
2.2 Antenna Design B 990
2.3 Antenna Design C 991
3 Results and Discussion 992
3.1 Results of Design A 993
3.2 Results of Design B 994
3.3 Results of Design C 995
4 Conclusion 996
References 996
107 Effect of the Dimension of Feedline for the Enhancement of Bandwidth of Square Microstrip Antenna 998
Abstract 998
1 Introduction 998
2 Antenna Design 999
3 Result and Discussion 1001
4 Conclusion 1002
References 1002
108 Optimization of Data Centres for Heat Management 1004
Abstract 1004
1 Introduction 1004
2 Proposed Ideas Through Which Problem Has Been Addressed 1005
2.1 Simple Raised Floor Cooling 1006
2.2 Cold Aisle Containment 1006
2.3 Hot Aisle Containment 1007
2.4 Liquid Cooling 1008
2.5 Economizer Cooling 1008
3 Analytical Study 1009
4 Conclusion 1010
5 Future Scope 1010
References 1010
109 Controlling of PMSG-Assisted Wind Energy Conversion System with Maximum Power Tracking Technique 1012
Abstract 1012
1 Introduction 1012
2 Wind Energy Conversion System Layout 1014
2.1 Wind Turbine System Architecture 1014
2.2 DC–DC Buck–Boost Converter Architecture 1015
3 Maximum Power Point Tracking System 1016
4 Simulation Analysis Results 1017
5 Conclusion 1018
References 1019
110 Design of a Single-Axis Solar Tracker Using LDRs 1020
Abstract 1020
1 Introduction 1020
2 Problem Statement and Modeling of PV Cell 1022
3 Design Analysis 1024
4 Results 1025
5 Conclusion 1026
References 1027
111 2D Modelling and Simulation of Heat Transfer in Blast Furnace Hearth Using ANSYS 1029
Abstract 1029
1 Introduction 1029
2 Modelling and Simulation 1030
3 Literature Review 1031
4 Modelling of Hearth 1032
4.1 Using Fluid Flow (Fluent) Two-Dimensional Modelling of Only Hearth Part 1032
4.2 Using Fluid Flow (Fluent) Two-Dimensional Modelling of Hearth Containing Hot Metal 1034
5 Material Properties 1035
6 Governing Equations 1036
7 Results and Discussions of Simulation 1036
7.1 Only Hearth Part Simulation 1036
7.2 Hearth Containing Hot Metal Simulation 1038
8 Conclusion 1040
References 1040
112 Offline Graphical Analysis of Signatures Using Geometric Features and Artificial Neural Network 1042
Abstract 1042
1 Introduction 1042
2 Methodology 1044
2.1 Angle of Signature with Baseline 1045
2.2 Length to Breadth Ratio of Signature Bounding Box 1046
2.3 Signature Pixels to the Bounding Box Ratio 1046
2.4 Center of Mass of the Pixels in Signature Image 1046
2.5 Line Gradient Fitting Between the Centers of Gravity into Two Equal Halves of the Image 1047
3 Result Analysis 1047
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 1049
References 1053
113 Energy Efficient Image Compression Techniques in WSN 1055
Abstract 1055
1 Introduction 1056
2 Related Work 1056
3 Energy Efficient Image Compression Techniques 1057
3.1 Image Compression 1057
3.2 Wavelet-Based Image Compression Techniques 1058
4 System Model 1060
4.1 Energy Consumption Analysis 1060
4.2 Energy Model of Radio Transceiver 1060
4.3 Energy Model of 2D-DWT Processing 1061
4.4 Energy Model of Quantization and Entropy Coding 1061
5 Simulation Results and Analysis 1061
5.1 Input Parameters 1061
5.2 Effect of Image Compression 1062
6 Conclusions 1063
References 1063
114 Real-Time System Monitoring and Control of Automation Industry Using IoT-Based Cloud Platform 1065
Abstract 1065
1 Introduction 1066
2 Internet of Things: A Case Study 1066
2.1 Different Layers of IoT Protocols 1067
2.2 Networking Protocols and Standards for IoT 1067
2.3 IoT Ecosystem 1068
3 Basic Concept 1069
3.1 Working Principle 1069
4 Design and Implementation 1071
4.1 Programming Steps for Programming Arduino Uno Board 1071
4.2 Processing Programming Environment 1073
4.3 Real-Time Model 1073
5 Results, Conclusion, and Future Scope 1073
References 1074
115 Performance Estimation of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms in Smart Antennas 1076
Abstract 1076
1 Introduction 1076
2 Algorithms in ABF Techniques 1077
2.1 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm 1078
2.2 Affine Projection Algorithm 1078
2.3 Quasi-Newton Algorithm 1079
3 Results and Discussion 1079
4 Conclusion 1084
References 1084
116 Automatic Forest Fire Detection and Monitoring Techniques: A Survey 1085
Abstract 1085
1 Introduction 1085
2 Forest Fire Detection Techniques 1088
3 Conclusion 1090
References 1090
117 Design and Simulation of Implantable Blood Pressure Sensor Using COMSOL Multiphysics 1092
Abstract 1092
1 Introduction 1093
2 Design Procedure 1094
3 Simulation and Analysis Using COMSOL 1095
3.1 Analysis 1095
3.1.1 Material Analysis Using Si and Au 1095
3.1.2 Pressure versus Displacement Analysis 1097
3.1.3 Calibration of the Sensor 1098
4 Conclusion 1098
5 Future Scope 1098
References 1098
118 V-Band SIW Wideband Band-Pass Filters for mm-Wave Applications 1100
Abstract 1100
1 Introduction 1100
2 Design of SIW, CPW, and Filter Structure 1102
2.1 SIW Design 1102
2.2 CPW Design 1103
2.3 Band-Pass Filter Design 1104
3 Results and Discussion 1105
4 Comparisons 1107
5 Conclusion 1108
References 1108
119 Alarming System for Railway Crossing 1110
Abstract 1110
1 Introduction 1111
2 Background of the Research 1113
3 Flow Diagram 1113
4 System Description 1114
5 Working 1114
6 Result and Discussion 1115
7 Future Scope 1115
8 Conclusion 1116
References 1116
120 Performance Investigation of Hill-Climbing MPPT Techniques for PV Systems Under Rapidly Changing Environment 1117
Abstract 1117
1 Introduction 1117
2 Commonly Used MPPT Algorithms 1119
2.1 MPPT Based on Conventional Hill-Climbing Techniques 1119
2.1.1 Perturb and Observe (P& O) Algorithm
2.1.2 Incremental Conductance (INC) Algorithm 1120
2.1.3 Incremental Resistance (INR) Algorithm 1121
2.2 MPPT Based on Modified Hill-Climbing Techniques 1122
2.2.1 Variable Step Size (VSS) P& O Algorithm
2.2.2 Variable Step Size (VSS) INC Algorithm 1123
2.2.3 Variable Step Size (VSS) INR Algorithm 1124
3 Results and Discussion 1125
4 Conclusion 1128
References 1129
121 Adaptive Beamforming for Linear Antenna Arrays Using Gravitational Search Algorithm 1130
Abstract 1130
1 Introduction 1131
2 Data Model for ABF 1132
3 Minimum Variance Distortionless Response 1134
4 Gravitational Search Algorithm 1134
5 Adaptive Beamforming Methodology 1136
6 Results and Discussion 1136
7 Conclusion and Future Work 1139
References 1139
122 Design of a Low-Cost Potato Quality Monitoring System 1141
Abstract 1141
1 Introduction 1141
2 System Design 1142
3 Results and Discussion 1143
3.1 Program Code 1145
4 Conclusion 1146
References 1146
123 Bionic Functionality of Prosthetic Hand 1147
Abstract 1147
1 Introduction 1147
2 Working 1148
2.1 Gesture Control 1148
2.2 Muscle Control 1149
2.3 Triggers 1149
2.4 Nearness Control 1150
2.5 Internal Design 1150
3 Internal Specifications of the Prosthetic Hand 1151
3.1 Socket Interface and Control 1151
3.2 Battery Charging 1151
3.3 Bluetooth Capabilities of Prosthetic Hand 1153
4 Navigating the App 1153
4.1 Features 1154
4.2 Training 1154
4.3 Activity Checking 1154
4.4 Exit 1156
5 Training 1156
5.1 Real Time Signals 1156
5.1.1 Strength and Speed 1157
5.1.2 Co-contraction Signals 1157
6 Coverings 1158
6.1 Procedure to Put on the Covering 1158
7 Conclusion 1159
References 1160
124 Pollution Control by Installation of MQ-Smoke Sensors in Car Exhausts with IOT-Based Monitoring 1161
Abstract 1161
1 Introduction 1161
2 Related Work 1162
3 System Description 1163
4 Circuit Model 1164
4.1 Proteus Model 1165
4.2 Actual View of the System 1166
5 Result and Conclusion 1166
References 1167
125 Bluetooth-Controlled Robot Using Windows Phone Application 1168
Abstract 1168
1 Introduction 1169
2 Hardware 1169
2.1 ATmega32 1169
2.2 HC-05 1170
2.3 L293D 1170
2.4 Working of a DC Motor 1170
2.5 Establishing Serial Communication Between Robot and App 1171
3 Software 1172
3.1 Windows Phone Application Design 1172
3.2 Application Instructions 1173
4 Conclusion 1174
References 1174
126 Threshold Sensitive Modified Leach Protocol for Energy Saving in Wireless Sensor Network 1175
Abstract 1175
1 Introduction 1175
2 Modified Leach Proposed Scheme 1177
3 Results and Observations 1177
4 Conclusion 1179
References 1181
127 Antenna Array Composed of Unit Cell Resonators 1182
Abstract 1182
1 Introduction 1183
2 Antenna Design and Geometry 1184
2.1 A. Proposed Antenna and Unit Cell Design 1184
2.2 B. Different Configurations 1185
3 Results and Observation 1187
4 Conclusion 1190
References 1190
128 IOT-Based Hydroenergy Generation with the Application of Sensors 1191
Abstract 1191
1 Introduction 1191
2 Related Works 1192
3 System Description 1193
4 Proteus Model 1195
5 Circuit Diagram 1196
6 Result and Conclusion 1196
References 1197
129 Active Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filter Using Microwave Energy for Exhaust Emission Control 1198
Abstract 1198
1 Introduction 1198
1.1 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Filter (DOC) 1199
1.2 Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) 1202
2 Proposed Emission Control System 1202
3 Conclusion 1205
References 1205
130 Approach to Find Shortest Path Using Ant Colony Algorithm 1207
Abstract 1207
1 Introduction 1207
2 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) 1208
2.1 Flow Chart for the Process in ACO 1209
2.2 Applications of ACO 1209
2.3 Dijkstra’s Algorithm 1210
2.4 Bellman–Ford Algorithm 1210
2.5 Kruskal’s Algorithm 1212
2.6 Comparisons Between Dijkstra’s, Bellman–Ford and Kruskal’s Algorithms 1214
3 ZYNQ-7000 PSoC 1214
4 Simulation Results 1214
5 Conclusion 1215
References 1216
131 Review of Expert System and Its Application in Robotics 1217
Abstract 1217
1 Introduction 1217
2 Background of Expert System Methodology 1218
2.1 Different Kinds of Expert System 1219
2.1.1 Knowledge-Based ES 1219
2.1.2 Rule-Based ES 1219
2.1.3 Fuzzy-Based ES 1220
2.2 Characteristics of Expert System 1220
2.3 Advantages of Expert System 1220
3 Application Areas of Expert Systems in Robotics 1221
3.1 Fault Detection and Tolerance 1222
3.2 Path and Trajectory Planning 1223
3.3 Vision Control 1223
3.4 Performance Optimization 1224
3.5 Mobile Robot Control 1224
3.6 Decision Migration in Distributed Robot 1224
3.7 Obstacle Detection 1225
3.8 Robot Designing and Kinematic 1225
3.9 Welding Robot Control 1225
4 Conclusion 1226
5 Future Scope 1226
References 1227
132 Analysis of Multiple Shortest Path Finding Algorithm in Novel Gaming Scenario 1230
Abstract 1230
1 Introduction 1230
2 Literature Survey 1231
2.1 Breadth-First Search (BFS) 1231
2.2 Depth-First Search (DFS) 1231
2.3 Best-First Search 1232
2.4 Dijkstra’s Algorithm 1232
2.5 A* Algorithm 1233
3 Analyzing—A* Is Better than Dijkstra’s Algorithm 1233
4 Appropriate Utilization of A* in Computer Games 1233
4.1 Path Finding Queries in Game Industry 1234
5 Conclusion 1236
6 Future Work 1236
References 1237
133 Design and Analysis of Beam-Steering Antenna Array 1238
Abstract 1238
1 Introduction 1238
2 Antenna Design and Geometry 1239
3 Result and Discussion 1241
4 Conclusion 1243
References 1244
134 Study of Various Ontologies 1245
Abstract 1245
1 Introduction 1245
2 General Ontologies 1248
3 Conclusion and Future Scope 1250
References 1250
135 Software Component Retrieval System 1251
Abstract 1251
1 Introduction 1251
1.1 Taxonomies of Component 1253
1.2 Concept of Component Retrieval 1253
1.3 Evolutionary Stages of Component 1253
1.3.1 Early Years of Component 1253
1.3.2 Modern Years of Component 1254
1.4 Software Repository 1254
1.5 Software Component Retrieval Process 1255
1.6 Conclusion 1256
References 1256
136 SRR-Loaded Clover Leaf-Shaped Minkowsky Fractal for Multiband Applications 1258
Abstract 1258
1 Introduction 1258
2 Antenna Design 1260
3 Simulation Results 1260
4 Conclusion 1264
References 1265
137 Microstrip Transition to Substrate Integrated Waveguide Slot Antenna for Multiband Applications 1267
Abstract 1267
1 Introduction 1267
2 SIW Design 1269
3 Proposed Antenna Structure 1269
4 Results and Discussion 1270
5 Conclusion 1273
References 1273
138 A Comparative Analysis of PID Controller Design for AVR Based on Optimization Techniques 1275
Abstract 1275
1 Introduction 1275
2 Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller 1276
3 Description of AVR System 1277
4 Optimization Techniques 1278
4.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 1278
4.2 Genetic Algorithm 1279
4.3 Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization 1279
4.4 Chaotic Ant Swarm Optimization 1279
4.5 Bacteria Foraging Optimization 1280
5 Results and Discussion 1280
6 Conclusion 1282
References 1282
139 Aadhaar Card-Based Android Application for Patient Monitoring System 1284
Abstract 1284
1 Introduction 1285
2 Related Works 1285
3 Proposed Methodology 1286
3.1 Objective 1286
3.2 Design 1287
3.3 Implementation of Design 1287
3.3.1 Software Description 1287
3.3.2 Hardware Description 1288
4 Results 1290
5 Conclusion 1293
References 1293
140 Analysis of Zernike Moment-Based Features for Sign Language Recognition 1294
Abstract 1294
1 Introduction 1294
2 Analysis of Zernike Moments 1296
2.1 Computational Error in Zernike Moments 1297
3 Results and Discussion 1298
3.1 Preprocessed Image Analysis 1298
3.2 Feature Set Performance Analysis 1298
3.3 Analysis of Dataset Size Variation 1299
4 Conclusion 1301
References 1301
141 Accidents Avoidance Using Smart Traffic Regulation System 1303
Abstract 1303
1 Introduction 1304
2 Experimental Studies 1304
3 Proposed Methodology 1305
4 Results and Discussion 1308
5 Conclusion and Future Work 1309
References 1309
142 Prioritization for Regression Testing Using Ant Colony Optimization Based on Test Factors 1311
Abstract 1311
1 Introduction 1311
2 Literature Review 1312
3 Problem Definition 1313
4 Proposed Algorithm 1315
5 Conclusion 1316
References 1317
143 Optimizing the Available Technology: Tunnel Safety and Energy Conservation System 1319
Abstract 1319
1 Introduction 1320
2 Theory and Principle Involved 1320
3 Fabrication and Methodology 1321
4 Circuit Diagram and Simulation 1322
5 Mathematical Calculation 1324
5.1 Output Power Generation [14] 1324
6 Conclusion 1325
References 1325
144 A Navigation Device with Voice for Visually Impaired People 1327
Abstract 1327
1 Introduction 1327
2 System Design 1328
2.1 Response System 1329
2.2 Processing System 1329
2.3 GPS Unit 1329
2.4 Obstacle Sensor 1329
2.5 Voice Input 1329
3 Methodology 1330
3.1 STEP 1: Identifying the User Location 1330
3.2 STEP 2: Identifying the Destination 1332
3.3 Step 3: Identifying the Shortest Path 1332
3.4 Step 4: Instruction Using Voice Output 1333
4 Result 1333
5 Conclusion 1337
References 1337
145 Fuzzy Nutrition Recommendation System for Diabetic Patients 1339
Abstract 1339
1 Introduction 1339
2 Fuzzy Logic 1340
2.1 Membership Functions 1341
2.2 Triangular Fuzzy Sets 1341
3 Fuzzy Inference System (TSK Fuzzy Model) 1341
4 Figures and Parameters 1341
5 Formulas 1345
5.1 Basal Metabolic Rate 1345
5.2 Weight Adjustment Factor and Daily Energy Requirement 1345
5.3 Inference Inputs 1346
6 Conclusion 1347
References 1348
146 Physical and Chemical Properties of Mahua and Sal Seed Oils 1349
Abstract 1349
1 Introduction 1349
2 Mahua Oil 1350
3 Sal Seed Oil 1353
4 Comparative Study 1355
5 Conclusions 1357
References 1358
147 Analysis of Sub-threshold Inverter and 6T SRAM Cell for Ultra-Low-Power Applications 1359
Abstract 1359
1 Introduction 1360
2 Sub-threshold Operation 1360
3 Sub-threshold Inerter Design 1365
4 Sub-threshold SRAM Design 1367
5 Simulation Results 1369
6 Conclusion 1370
References 1370
148 Temperature- and Color-Based SDSS Stellar Spectral Classification Using Automated Scheme 1372
Abstract 1372
1 Introduction 1372
2 Related Work 1373
3 Proposed Methodology 1374
3.1 Temperature Classification 1374
3.2 Color Classification 1375
4 Implementation 1376
4.1 SDSS Spectral Data Set 1376
4.2 Building the Classifier 1377
5 Classification Results (Simulation and Getting Experimental Results) 1380
5.1 Results of Temperature Classification 1380
5.2 Results of Color Classification 1381
6 Conclusion 1382
References 1382
149 Experimental Investigation on SP and TCT PV Array Configurations to Reduce Power Losses During PSC 1383
Abstract 1383
1 Introduction 1383
2 Experimental Setup and Specifications 1384
3 Modeling of PV System and Array Configurations 1385
3.1 Mathematical Modeling of PV System 1385
4 Partial Shading Conditions 1387
5 Result Outcomes and Discussion 1387
5.1 P–V and I–V Curves and GMPP of PV Array Under Shading Condition 1387
5.2 Power Losses and FF Assessment of PV Array During Shading Cases ‘a–c’ 1389
6 Conclusion 1390
References 1390
150 A Multiband Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna for K and Ka Applications 1392
Abstract 1392
1 Introduction 1392
2 Antenna Design 1393
3 Simulated Result and Discussion 1394
4 Conclusion 1399
References 1399
151 RFID Device Based Home Security System to Detect Intruder Trespassing 1400
Abstract 1400
1 Introduction 1400
1.1 Background 1401
1.2 Recent Advancements 1402
2 Problem Statement 1403
3 Methodology 1404
3.1 Algorithm 1407
4 Result and Conclusion 1408
References 1409
152 Review of Sockets for Transfer of Files Between Systems 1410
Abstract 1410
1 Introduction 1410
1.1 Request–Response Model for Message Passing 1411
1.2 Sockets 1411
2 Types of Sockets 1412
2.1 Socket Address and Structure 1413
2.2 Socket APIs 1414
2.3 Socket/Network Programming Laconic Concept 1415
3 Details of Various APIs 1415
3.1 bind()—Port is Identified First 1415
3.2 connect() 1416
3.3 listen() 1416
3.4 accept()—Pickup and Answer 1416
3.5 send() and recv() 1417
3.6 sendto() and recvfrom() 1417
3.7 close() and shutdown() 1417
4 Result 1418
5 Conclusion 1419
Acknowledgements 1420
References 1420
153 GSM-Based Prepaid Meter 1421
Abstract 1421
1 Introduction 1421
2 Related Research Work 1422
2.1 Our New Project Addresses the Above Mentioned Problems 1423
2.2 Main Features of the Project 1424
2.3 Working 1424
2.4 Software Tools Used 1425
3 Flowchart for the Prepaid Meter 1426
4 Algorithm for Prepaid Meter 1426
5 Result and Discussion 1428
6 Conclusion 1432
References 1432
154 Design of 2-Bit Vedic Multiplier Using PTL and CMOS Logic 1434
Abstract 1434
1 Introduction 1435
2 Proposed Algorithm 1435
2.1 Two-Bit Multiplier Using Pass Transistor Logic (PTL) 1436
2.2 Two-Bit Multiplier Using CMOS Logic 1436
3 Results and Observation 1439
3.1 Input and Output Waveforms for 2-Bit Multiplier Using PTL 1439
3.2 Input and Output Waveforms for 2-Bit Multiplier Using CMOS Logic 1439
4 Conclusion 1442
References 1442
155 Computer Aided Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer Using HOG Features and Multi Classifiers 1444
Abstract 1444
1 Introduction 1445
2 Related Works 1445
3 Proposed Methodology 1446
3.1 Flowchart 1446
3.2 HOG Feature Extraction 1446
3.3 Classification 1448
4 Database 1449
5 Experimental Results 1450
6 Conclusion 1454
References 1455
156 IC Engine-Powered Arial Vehicle for Medical Assistance 1456
Abstract 1456
1 Introduction 1456
2 Use of Acetylene (C2H2) [4] 1457
3 Overview of Project 1458
4 Technical Description 1460
5 Prolog of Auxiliary Fuel 1460
6 Thermodynamic Evaluation of System 1461
6.1 Stereochemistry Fuel/Calculation for Air Ratio 1461
6.2 Correlation of Greatest Valuable Work of Acetylene and Gasoline 1461
7 Environmental Aspects [8] 1462
8 Conclusion and Future Scope 1462
References 1462
157 A Critical Study on Role of Sensor-Based Electronic System for Toxic Gas Identification in the Mining (Coal) Industry 1464
Abstract 1464
1 Introduction 1465
2 Some of the World’s Worst Record Coal Mining Disasters 1465
2.1 Benxi Hu Colliery Disaster, China, 1942 1465
2.2 Dhanbad Coal Mine Disasters, India, 1965 and 1975 1465
2.3 Coal Brook Mine Disaster, South Africa, 1960 1466
3 Causes of Mining Accidents/Disasters 1466
4 Methane—The Fire Damp 1467
4.1 Impact of Methane, H2S 1467
5 Present Methodologies for Detection of Various Mine Gases 1469
5.1 Electrochemical Sensors 1470
5.2 Catalytic Oxidation Sensors 1470
6 Need for Modern Technologies 1471
6.1 About Wireless Controlled Detecting/Sensing System in Mining Industries (The Modern Technology) 1471
7 Future Scope 1472
8 Conclusion 1472
References 1473
158 Companding-Based Technique to Improve Signal to Noise Ratio and Power Dissipation in Analog to Digital Convertor Operating at CTDSP 1475
Abstract 1475
1 Introduction 1475
2 Quantisation 1476
3 Companding 1477
3.1 A-Law and µ-Law 1477
4 Methodology 1478
5 Results and Discussion 1479
6 Future Scope 1479
Acknowledgements 1479
References 1479
159 Analysis of Parametric Effects on PEMFC Performance and Power Management Schemes 1480
Abstract 1480
1 Introduction 1480
2 Mathematical Modeling of PEMFC System 1481
3 Results and Discussion 1482
3.1 Power Management Scheme Using Hydrogen Reactant Flow Pressure Control 1483
3.2 Effect of Variation in Reactants Flow Pressures, Temperature, and Membrane Resistance on I–V Curve 1485
4 Conclusion 1486
References 1486
160 Comparative Analysis of MEMS Piezoelectric Materials for the Design of a Piezotube-Type Pressure Sensor 1487
Abstract 1487
1 Introduction 1488
1.1 Equation 1488
2 Sensor Design 1489
3 Simulation of MEMS Piezotube Pressure Sensor 1489
4 Indirect Piezoelectric Effect 1491
5 MEMS Material Analysis for Pressure Sensor 1492
5.1 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-5H) 1492
5.2 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-5A) 1493
5.3 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-7A) 1493
5.4 Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-2) 1494
5.5 Barium Titanate 1496
6 Overall Comparison of Materials 1497
7 Conclusion 1498
References 1499
161 Design and Analysis of SEPIC-Based Single-Stage Three-Phase Inverter 1500
Abstract 1500
1 Introduction 1500
2 Working and Design of SEPIC 1502
3 Inverter Modeling Using SEPIC 1504
4 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for Inverter 1505
5 Results and Discussions 1507
6 Conclusions 1511
References 1511
162 Inductive Power as Wireless Energy in Electrical Applications 1513
Abstract 1513
1 Introduction 1513
2 Principle of Operation 1515
3 Block Description of the System 1518
3.1 Power Transfer 1519
3.2 Efficiency 1519
3.3 Coil Inductors 1519
3.4 Capacitors 1519
4 Results and Discussions 1520
5 Conclusion 1521
References 1521
163 VGA Application in Text Display Using FPGA 1522
Abstract 1522
1 Introduction 1522
2 Related Work 1523
3 Block Diagram 1524
4 Screen Display Internal Architecture 1526
5 Results 1528
6 Synthesis 1530
7 Conclusion 1531
References 1531
164 Survey on Implementation of Security in Cloud 1533
Abstract 1533
1 Introduction 1533
2 Literature Review 1535
3 Findings 1537
4 Results 1539
5 Conclusion 1539
6 Future Work 1540
References 1540
165 Iterative Basic Block Pipelining Implementation as Fast Computation Technique 1541
Abstract 1541
1 Introduction 1541
1.1 Operand Decomposition 1542
1.2 Advantages of Operand Decomposition 1543
2 Approach Used 1543
3 Flowchart 1545
4 Working 1545
5 Hardware Implementation 1545
6 Results 1546
7 Conclusion 1547
References 1547
166 An Approach to Inter-vehicle and Vehicle-to-Roadside Communication for Safety Measures 1548
Abstract 1548
1 Introduction 1549
2 Vehicle-to-Roadside Communication 1549
2.1 Roadside Design 1549
2.1.1 Lane Direction 1549
2.1.2 Road Junction 1550
2.1.3 Traffic Lights 1550
2.2 Transmission Method 1550
2.3 Architecture 1550
2.4 Wireless Technologies 1551
2.4.1 Bluetooth 1551
3 Inter-vehicle Communication 1552
3.1 Transmission Methods 1553
3.1.1 Cooperative Forward Collision Warning 1553
3.1.2 Emergency Electronic Brake Light 1553
3.1.3 Road Condition Warning 1553
4 Vehicle-to-Internet Communication 1553
4.1 Vehicle Networking 1554
4.2 Vehicle Intelligence 1554
5 Conclusion 1554
References 1555
167 Performance Evaluation of Big Data Frameworks: MapReduce and Spark 1556
Abstract 1556
1 Introduction 1557
2 Apache Hadoop 1557
3 Hadoop MapReduce 1558
4 Apache Spark 1558
5 Page Rank 1559
6 Sort 1559
7 Experimental Studies 1561
8 Conclusion 1562
References 1562
168 Design and Analysis of PV Analyzer on LabVIEW 1565
Abstract 1565
1 Introduction 1566
2 Electrical Equivalent Circuit of Solar Cell 1566
3 Design Representation of Data Logger 1567
3.1 Apparatus Description 1568
3.2 Specification of System Components 1568
4 Evaluation and Validation of Designed Data Logger 1570
5 Conclusion 1571
References 1572
169 An Approach to Monitor Construction Site Based on Radio Frequency Identification and Internet of Things 1573
Abstract 1573
1 Introduction 1574
2 Hardware Development 1577
3 Software Development 1581
4 Conclusion 1582
References 1583
170 The Real-Time Hardware of Smart Digital Alarm Clock Integrated with Microcontroller 1584
Abstract 1584
1 Introduction 1584
2 Hardware Development 1585
2.1 5 V Power Supply 1585
2.2 LM016L 1585
2.3 DS1307 1586
2.4 HM2007 1586
2.5 ATMEGA 16A Microcontroller 1587
2.6 Actual Circuit of the Device 1587
3 Software Development 1588
3.1 Software Lifecycle of the Project 1588
3.2 Coding and Debugging 1589
3.3 Simulation 1589
3.4 Burning 1589
4 Program Specifications 1590
4.1 The I2C Protocol 1590
4.2 Voice Recognition System 1590
5 Conclusion and Further Scope 1590
References 1590
171 Design and Development of Oil Tank Monitoring System Using GSM MODEM in Distribution Transformer 1593
Abstract 1593
1 Introduction 1594
2 System Description 1597
3 Software Development 1599
4 Results 1600
5 Conclusion and Future Scope 1601
References 1601
172 Trends of Publications and Work Done in Different Areas in Energy Saving in Cloud Computing: A Survey 1603
Abstract 1603
1 Introduction 1604
2 Literature Review 1604
3 Findings 1613
4 Conclusion 1615
References 1615
173 Arduino- and IoT-Based Tools and Inventory Tracking System in Construction Sites 1618
Abstract 1618
1 Introduction 1619
2 Block Diagram and Hardware Implementation 1620
3 Circuit Diagram and Simulation 1621
4 Software Development 1621
5 Results and Discussion 1626
6 Conclusion and Future Scope 1626
References 1626
174 Circumvention of Friction-Induced Stick-Slip Vibration by Modeling and Simulation 1628
Abstract 1628
1 Introduction 1629
2 Problem Formulation 1630
3 Modeling of Friction Force 1631
4 System Parameters 1632
5 Results of Simulation 1632
6 Validation of Model 1633
7 Discussion 1633
8 Conclusion 1635
References 1636
175 Wireless Control System for Enhancing Passenger Safety in the Event of Driver Hostilities for Commercial Vehicles 1637
Abstract 1637
1 Introduction 1638
2 Methodology 1639
2.1 Logic Flow Diagram 1639
2.2 Circuit Explanation 1639
3 Hardware Description 1640
3.1 Alcohol Sensor 1640
3.2 DTMF Decoder 1641
3.3 LCD Module 1642
3.4 GSM Module 1642
3.5 GPS Module 1642
3.6 AVR ATmega 16 1642
3.7 Relay 1643
3.8 LED Indicator and Buzzer 1643
4 Results 1643
5 Discussion 1644
References 1644
176 Cybersecurity Issue and Online Information Source 1646
Abstract 1646
1 Introduction 1646
2 Hacker 1647
3 Techniques of Hacking 1647
4 Security 1648
5 Security Issues in Information Theory 1648
5.1 How We Compute Information Source to Destination 1648
5.2 Information Source Mathematically Presented As 1649
5.3 When Conditional or Transactional Probability Is Used 1652
5.3.1 Difference Between Prior and Posterior Probability 1652
5.4 Mutual Information Source 1652
5.5 By Using Entropy 1653
6 Network Information Forensic Using Python Language 1655
6.1 Sql Injection 1655
6.2 Penetration Testing 1656
6.3 Python’s Command 1656
7 Conclusion 1656
References 1656
177 White Cane Navigation Using Arduino Uno 1658
Abstract 1658
1 Introduction 1658
2 Hardware Development 1660
2.1 HC-05 Bluetooth Module for Receiving Data from Android to Arduino 1661
3 Software Development 1662
3.1 Algorithm for Arduino Uno Device 1665
3.2 Algorithm for Android Application 1665
4 Conclusion 1666
References 1666
178 A Cheiloscopic Approach for Unique Identification Among Indian Subpopulation 1667
Abstract 1667
1 Introduction 1667
2 Literature Review 1668
2.1 Tabular Representation 1669
3 Proposed Methodology 1670
3.1 Subjects 1670
3.2 Methodology 1670
3.3 Collection of Lip Print Samples 1671
3.4 Load Lip Print Samples 1671
3.5 Preprocessing of Images 1672
3.6 Image Segmentation 1673
3.7 Feature Extraction 1673
4 Result 1674
5 Conclusion 1675
References 1675
179 Weighted Transformation and Wavelet Transforms-Based Image Resolution and Contrast Enhancement 1677
Abstract 1677
1 Introduction 1677
2 Proposed Methodology 1679
3 Conclusion 1683
References 1683
180 Fat Tree NoC Design and Synthesis 1686
Abstract 1686
1 Introduction 1686
2 Fat Tree NoC 1687
3 Results and Discussions 1688
4 FPGA Synthesis 1690
5 Conclusions 1692
References 1692
181 Big Data Issues in Medical Healthcare 1694
Abstract 1694
1 Introduction 1694
1.1 Electronic Health Record (EHR) or Electronic Patient Records (EPR) 1695
1.2 Remote Patient Monitoring at Home 1695
1.3 A Hybrid/Integrated System 1695
2 Security and Privacy Issues 1696
2.1 Privacy and Security Issues in Healthcare Information System (HIS) 1697
3 Solutions 1698
3.1 Some Existing Solutions 1698
3.2 Encryption 1698
3.3 Role-Based Access Security and Access Control 1698
3.4 Authentication Mechanism 1699
4 Some Existing Challenges with Their Solutions in Concern to Medical Big Data Security and Privacy Issues 1699
4.1 Data Access and Storage 1699
4.2 Who Owns the Data? 1700
4.3 Data Types and Its Permissible Storage Limit 1700
4.4 Who Can Authorize to View Any Patient Record? 1700
4.5 Where Should Medical Big Data Be Stored? 1701
4.6 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of USA (HIPAA) 1701
References 1702
182 Android-Based Home Automation Using Bluetooth and ESP8266 1703
Abstract 1703
1 Introduction 1704
2 Hardware Development 1706
3 Software Development 1707
3.1 Flow Diagram 1708
4 Result and Conclusion 1710
References 1711
183 Embedded-Based Smart Solar Grid of 2 × 2 Monitoring System Using Smart Sensors 1713
Abstract 1713
1 Introduction 1713
2 Proposed System 1714
3 Software Development 1717
4 Result and Discussion 1723
5 Future Scope 1723
References 1724
Author Index 1725