Heterogeneous Ferroelectric Solid Solutions (eBook)

Vitaly Yuryevich Topolov received the the degrees “Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics)” and “Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics)” in 1987 and 2000, respectively from the Rostov State University, Russia. From 1987 to 1991, he worked as a Research Scientist of the Institute of Physics at the Rostov State University, from 1991 to 2000 as a Senior Lecturer (1991–1992) and an Associate Professor (1992–2000) of the Department of Physics at the Rostov State University. In 2000, he became an associate professor at the same Department. In 2011 he was appointed full professor of the Department of Physics and High Technologies at the Southern Federal University. He has been a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Science (Moscow, Russia9 since 2010). He was also a visiting scientist at the Moscow State University, Russia (former USSR, 1989), University of Saarland, Germany (1994–1995), Aachen University of Technology – RWTH Aachen, Germany (1998), Karlsruhe Research Center, Germany (2002 and 2003–2004), University of Bath, UK (2006, 2007, 2012, 2013, and 2014), and University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Italy (2008). His research interests include heterogeneous ferroelectrics, smart materials, domain and heterophase structures, as well as electromechanical effects in ferroelectrics and related materials. He earned the special award from the International Science Foundation (1993) and the Soros and awards from the International Soros Science-Educational Program and the Open Society Institute in 1997, 1998, 2000, and 2001.He authored three monographs published by Springer, various chapters in books published by Nova Science Publishers (New York, USA),and about 370 scientific papers. Christopher Rhys Bowen earned a BSc in Materials Science at the School of Materials, University of Bath, UK in 1990 and worked on his DPhil thesis in ceramics in the Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK in 1990–1993 (PhD awarded in 1994). In 1993–1994, he worked as a Researcher in the Advanced Ceramics Group at the Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH). From 1994 to 1996, he was research fellow at the School of Materials, University of Leeds, UK. From 1996 to 1998, he was a Senior Scientist at DERA, Functional Materials Group, UK. He joined the University of Bath in August 1998 and is now a Professor at the same University. The research interests of Prof. C. R. Bowen are concerned with functional ceramics, including ferroelectric ceramics and composites for modern sensors and actuators, as well as with manufacturing and characterisation of these materials. He earned the Thornton and Hazelwood prizes for academic work (1986–1990), Institute of Materials National Lecture Competition award (1993), SET award (2002), and John Willis award for excellence in research and teaching (2003). He is the author two monographs published at Springer  and chapters in monographs published at Nova Science. He has published approximately 200 scientific papers. He is currently supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement no. 320963 on Novel Energy Materials, Engineering Science and Integrated Systems (NEMESIS). 

1    Crystallographic Aspects of Interfaces in Ferroelectrics and Related       Materials...........................................................................................................................       1.1    Domain Structures and Interfaces Between Polydomain Regions...............                 1.1.1    Formation of Domain Structures in Ferroelectric Single                              Crystals                                                                                                       .........                 1.1.2    Elastic-matching Concept and Its Application to Domain Boundaries                   1.1.3    Classification of Domain Boundaries in Ferroelectric Single Crystals                                                                     1.1.4    Crystallographic Interpretation of Interfaces Between  Complicated                              Domain Structures.....................................................................................       1.2    Phase Coexistence at First-order Phase Transitions.........................................                 1.2.1    Elastic Matching of Phases and Zero-net-strain Planes......................                 1.2.2    Stress Relief and Conical Interphase Boundaies.................................                 1.2.3    Three-Phase States........................................................................       1.3    Polydomain / Heterophase Ferroelectrics ......................................................... .......                       1.4    References .............................................................................................................. 2    Two-Phase States.............................................................................................................       2.1    Elastic Matching of Morphotropic Phases in Pb(Zr1–xTix)O3...........................                 2.1.1    Tetragonal-rhombohedral Phase Coexistence and Crystallographic Interpretation...............................................................                 2.1.2     Elastic Matching and Stress Relief in the Presence of the Intermediate Monoclinic Phase                      2.2                 Phase Coexistence in (1 – x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 – xPbTiO3 Near the Morphotropic Phase Boundary                  2.2.1    Phase Coexistence Without the Monoclinic Phase..............................                 2.2.2  Phase Coexistence in the Presence of the Intermediate Monoclinic Phases                             2.2.3    Effect of Non-180° Domains on Phase Coexistence..........................                 2.2.4    Different Scenarios of Stress Relief........................................................       2.3               ;  Model of Interpenetrating Phases: Application to (1 – x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 – xPbTiO3 Near the Morphotropic Phase Boundary...................................................................................................                   2.4                 Domain and Heterophase States in (1 – x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 – xPbTiO3 Near the Morphotropic Phase Boundary                          2.4.1    Phase Transitions and Intermediate Phases.........................................             ;    2.4.2    Crystallographic Study of Elastic Matching of Morphotropic Phases      ...................................................................................             2.4.3 Interpenetrating Phases in 0.90Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 – 0.10PbTiO3 Single Crystals............................................................................................. 2.5    Specifics of Two-Phase States in Ferroelectric Solid Solutions .........       ……       2.6    References........................................................................................................................ 3    Phase Coexistence Under Electric Field ................................................................... 3.1    Heterophase Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 at the Induced Phase Transition..............       3.2    Domain State – Interface Relationships at Electric Field E || [001]........                 3.2.1  Heterophase (1 – x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 – xPbTiO3...................................                              3.2.1.1    Phase Sequences and Diagrams at x ³ 0.30.........................                              3.2.1.2    Phase Sequences and Diagrams at x £ 0.28.........................                 3.2.2    Heterophase (1 – x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 – xPbTiO3....................................                              3.2.2.1    Elastic Matching of Phases at x = 0.08–0.09.......................                              3.2.2.2    Diagrams at x = 0.045...............................................................       3.3    Domain State – Interface Relationships at Electric Field E || [110]..............       3.4                 Domain State – Interface Relationships at Electric Field E || [111].       3.5    Role of Intermediate Phases in Heterophase States .......................................       3.6    References............................................................................................................... 4    Three-phase States..........................................................................................................       4.1    Model of Three-phase Single Crystal..................................................................       4.2 ;                Application of Model Concepts to PbZrO3 and Pb(Zr1–xTix)O3 (x » 0.22).................................................................................................                 4.2.1  Phase coexistence in PbZrO3 Single Crystals..........................................                 4.2.2  Phase coexistence in Pb(Zr1–xTix)O3 Single Crystals..............................       4.3    Application of Model Concepts to (1 – x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 –                 xPbTiO3)..................................................................................................       4.4    Three-phase Coexistence and Complete Stress Relief in                 (1 – x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 – xPbTiO3.........................................................       4.5    Thermodynamic Description of Three-phase States in Ferroelectric                 Solid Solutions........................................................................................       4.6    Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Studies of Three-phase States.......................................................................................................       4.7    References............................................................................................................... 5    Overlapping Structures and Transition Regions....................................................       5.1                 Overlapping Structures in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3............................................       5.2    Domain State – Interface Relationships in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3..........................       5.3    Transition Regions in (1 – x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 – xPbTiO3.................................       5.4    Stress Relief at Variable Unit-cell Parameters...................................................       5.5    References............................................................................................................... 6    Relations Between Domain States and  Heterophase Structures in Lead-free Ferroelectric Solid Solutions....................................................................       6.1                 Phase Coexistence in (1 – x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 – xBaTiO3 .....................       6.1.1 Domain States and Elastic Matching of Phases..........................................       6.1.2 Phase Contents near the Morphotropic Phase Boundary............................       6.1.3 Anisotropy of Unit-cell Distortions and Heterophase Structures..............        6.2                 Phase Coexistence in Ba(Ti1-xCex)TiO3..................................................       6.2.1 Relations Between Domain and Heterophase States Near the Morphotropic                 Phase Boundary.....................................................................................................       6.2.2 Phase Contents and Stress-relief Conditions.....................................................       6.3    Features of Heterophase States in Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 and Related Solid                 Solutions...................................................................................................................       6.4    Domain States and Phase Contents in Ba(Ti1-xSnx)O3 and Ba(Ti1-xHfx)O3 near the Morphotropic Phase Boundary............................       6.5    Behaviour of Unit-cell Parameters and Heterophase Structures..................       6.6    References............................................................................................................... 7    Conclusions.......................................................................................................................       7.1    A Way from a Unit Cell to Morphotropic Polydomain / Heterophase Structures.........................................................................................       7.2    References...............................................................................................................       Appendix A. Methods for Description of Heterophase and Polydomain Single Crystals           A.1    Concepts on the Zero-net-strain Plane...............................................................       A.2 ;   Comparison of Data..............................................................................................       A.3    References............................................................................................................... .......       Appendix B. Optimal Volume Fractions in Terms of Angles Between Spontaneous Polarization Vectors Near the Morphotropic Phase Boundary..............................................................................................................       B.1    Optimal Volume Fractions and Polarization Rotations..................................       B.2    References...............................................................................................................       List of Abbreviations.....................................................................................................                 About the Author