Energy Technology 2018 (eBook)

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a member-driven international professional society dedicated to fostering the exchange of learning and ideas across the entire range of materials science and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production, to basic research and the advanced applications of materials. Included among its nearly 13,000 professional and student members are metallurgical and materials engineers, scientists, researchers, educators, and administrators from more than 70 countries on six continents. 

Preface 6
Energy Technologies Symposium Organizers 7
Contents 8
About the Editors 14
Energy Technologies and CO2 Management Symposium 26
1 Gas Hydrate-Based CO2 Separation Process: Quantitative Assessment of the Effectiveness of Various Chemical Additives Involved in the Process 27
Abstract 27
Introduction 27
Methodology 29
Estimation of {/varvec E}_{{{/varvec compression}}} and {/varvec E}_{{{/varvec cooling}}} 30
Estimation of {/varvec E}_{{{/varvec hydrates}}} 30
Enthalpy of Different Streams 31
Enthalpy of Hydrate Formation 31
Enthalpy of Hydrate Dissociation 32
Hydrate Formation Rate 33
Hydrate Dissociation Rate 33
Energy Consumption Calculations 34
Results and Discussion 35
Conclusions 38
Acknowledgment 39
References 39
2 Tar Removal from Hot Coke Oven Gas for H2 Amplification with in Situ CO2 Capture 41
Abstract 41
Introduction 41
Methodology 43
Feedstock 43
Process 44
Model Evaluation 45
Results and Discussion 45
Steam Reforming in the Absence of CO2 Sorbent 45
Steam Reforming in the Presence of CO2 Sorbent 46
Energy Consumption 48
Conclusions 49
Acknowledgements 49
References 49
3 An Evaluation Method for Material and Energy Conversion Effect with Steel Manufacturing Process Data 51
Abstract 51
Introduction 52
Analysis and Description of Conversion Characteristics of Materials and Energy in Steel Manufacturing Process 54
Quantitative Evaluation Method for Materials and Energy Conversion in Steel Manufacturing Process 56
Experiment and Discussion 57
Summary 60
Acknowledgements 61
Reference 61
4 Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste Ion-Exchange Resin for CO2 Adsorption 63
Abstract 63
Introduction 64
Experimental 65
Materials 65
Preparation of WIRACs 65
Characterization of WIRACs 65
Carbon Dioxide Adsorption Capacity 65
Results and Discussion 66
Textural Characterization and Chemical Characteristics of WIRACs 66
Assessment of CO2 Adsorption Capacity 68
Adsorption Kinetic Models 69
Conclusions 71
Acknowledgements 72
References 72
5 Evaluation of Variation in the Life Cycle Based Environmental Impacts for Copper Concentrate Production 74
Abstract 74
Introduction 74
Methodology 76
Results and Discussion 77
Mine Flowsheets and Overview 77
Impact Results 78
Effect of Variables on GWP 81
Common Fuel Type 81
Common Fuel Type and Ore Grade 82
Common Fuel Type, Ore Grade and Concentrate Grade 82
Open Pit Versus Underground 83
Ore Mineralogy 83
Effect of Ore Grade on Primary Energy Consumption 84
Conclusions 85
Acknowledgements 86
References 86
6 Direct Reduction of Copper Slag Composite Pellets Within Lignite Using Biomass as Binder 88
Abstract 88
Introduction 88
System Description 89
Technology Process Introduction 89
Thermodynamic Analysis 91
Thermodynamic Calculation Results 92
Direct Reduction Feasibility Experiments 93
Results and Discussion 94
Reduction Reactions of Copper Slag 94
Effects of Biomass and CaO Addition Ratio on Comprehensive Strength 95
Reduction of Copper Slag by Lignite 95
Conclusions 97
References 97
7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Incineration Treatment of Waste Disposable Syringes in an EAF Steelmaking Process 99
Abstract 99
Introduction 100
Process Overview 101
Materials and Operating Condition 101
Thermodynamic Modelling 102
Results and Discussion 104
Conclusion 108
References 109
8 The Reduction Kinetic of the Combined Cu-Based Oxygen Carrier Used for Chemical Looping Gasification Technology 111
Abstract 111
Introduction 111
Experimental 112
Materials 112
Experimental Set-up 114
Data Processing 114
Results and Discussions 114
Effects of Mole Ratio 114
Effects of Heating Rate 115
Effect of Oxygen Concentration 115
Effect of Temperature 117
Conclusions 118
Acknowledgements 118
References 118
9 Synergistic Effect Between Fat Coal and Poplar During Co-Pyrolysis with Thermal Behavior and ATR-FTIR Analysis 120
Abstract 120
Introduction 120
Experimental 121
Results and Discussion 123
Pyrolysis Characteristics in TGA 123
Synergistic Effects Between FC and P by TGA 125
ATR-FTIR Spectra of Char Obtained at Characteristic Temperature 126
Conclusions 129
Acknowledgements 129
References 129
10 Flow Characteristic of Two-Phase Bubble Reactor for Slag Waste Heat Recovery 131
Abstract 131
Introduction 132
Mathematical Model 133
Model Description 133
Governing Equation 133
Results and Discussion 134
Model Validation 134
Bubble Behavior in the Bath 135
Distribution of Gas Phase in the Bath 136
Flow Field in the Bath 136
Conclusions 138
Acknowledgements 139
References 139
11 Improving Energy Efficiency in Direct Method for Continuous Casting of Lead Sheets 140
Abstract 140
Introduction 140
Energy 141
Direct Method 142
Rolling Process 143
Cost Analysis of DM 146
Energy Improvement Techniques for DM 149
Waste Reduction 149
Heat Recovery and Preheating of Scrap 150
References 151
12 Research on High Efficiency Energy Conversion Technology for Modern Hot Blast Stove 152
Abstract 152
Introduction 153
Promote Blast Temperature by Low Heat Value BF Gas 153
Technological Philosophy 153
Theoretical Combustion Temperature and Dome Temperature 154
High Efficiency Preheating Technology 155
Preheating Process Integration 156
Comparison of Efficiency of Hot Blast Stove 157
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study 158
Numerical Simulation of Top Combustion Hot Blast Stove 159
Cold Blast Distribution Uniformity of Top Combustion Hot Blast Stove 160
Industrial Cold Test of Top Combustion Hot Blast Stove 161
Hot Condition Simulating Trial 162
Research on Regenerator Chamber 162
Optimization of Checker Brick 162
Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Regenerator Chamber 165
Design of Low Stress and no Overheat System for Hot Blast Pipeline 167
Static Force Analysis of Pipeline 167
Design Optimization of Hot Blast Branch Pipe 167
Design Optimization of Corrugated Compensator 168
Optimization of Refractory Structure Design 169
Application 170
Conclusions 170
References 171
13 An Exergy Study of Cowper Stove Operations with an Iron Blast Furnace 172
Abstract 172
Introduction 172
Model Description 173
Results and Discussion 178
Conclusions 182
Acknowledgements 183
References 183
14 Waste Heat Recovery from Aluminum Production 184
Abstract 184
Introduction 185
System Description 187
Model 188
Optimization 191
Objective Function 191
Iteration Procedure 192
Result and Discussion 193
Conclusion 195
Acknowledgements 196
References 196
15 Leaching and Carbonation of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag Under a Microwave Field for Mineral Carbonation 198
Abstract 198
Introduction 198
Experimental Procedure 199
Results and Discussion 201
Calcium Leaching Process from Different Size Particles of EAF Steelmaking Slag with Ammonium Chloride 201
Microstructure Analysis of the as-Received EAFSlag and Leached Residues 201
SEM Analysis of the as-Received EAF Slag 201
SEM Analysis of the Leached EAF Slag Residues 203
The Leaching Mechanisms of Different Phase in EAF Slag 204
Effects of Microwave on the Carbonation Process 205
Conclusions 208
Acknowledgements 208
References 208
16 A Novel Preparation of Bi2O3 and Their Potent Photocatalytic Activity Under Visible-Light Irradiation 210
Abstract 210
Introduction 211
Experimental Details 211
Materials 211
Synthesis of Bi2O3 212
Characterization 212
Photocatalytic Experiments 212
Results and Discussion 213
Preparation of Bi2O3 Photocatalysts 213
Photocatalytic Properties 218
Conclusions 220
Acknowledgements 221
References 221
17 Energy Conservation in Sintering Ignition Process Based on Comprehensive Ignition Intensity 224
Abstract 224
Introduction 224
Experimental Procedure 225
Combustion Characteristics of the Solid Fuel in Sinter Mixture 227
Experimental Results 227
Industrial Test 231
Conclusions 232
References 232
Deriving Value from Challenging Waste Streams: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session 234
18 Behavior of Co, Ni and Precious Metals in Copper Converting Process: Experimental Study 235
Abstract 235
Introduction 235
Experimental 237
Results and Discussion 239
Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 241
References 241
19 Recycling of EAF Dust Through Source Separation 243
Abstract 243
Introduction 243
Overview of Various Collecting Devices in EAF off-gas Cleaning Systems 244
Generation of EAF Dust by Various Devices in EAF off-gas Cleaning Systems 245
Concentration of Zinc in EAF Dust Collected by Various Devices in EAF off-gas Cleaning Systems 246
Source Separation and Source Recycling of EAF Dust Based upon Concentration of Zinc in the Dust 247
Conclusions 248
References 249
20 A Sustainable Methodology for Recycling Electric Arc Furnace Dust 251
Abstract 251
Introduction 251
Experimental Section 252
Materials and Method 252
Thermal Analysis 253
Results and Discussion 253
Citric Acid Leaching 254
Roasting—Leaching 255
Conclusions 257
Acknowledgements 257
References 258
21 Thermal Separation and Leaching of Valuable Elements from Waste-Derived Ashes 259
Abstract 259
Introduction 259
Objective and Approach 262
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculations 262
Results 264
Discussion and Conclusions 267
Acknowledgements 269
References 269
22 Different Methods for the Characterization of Ash Compositions in Co-Firing Boilers 271
Abstract 271
Introduction 271
Experimental 273
SEM-EDS 273
XRF 273
ICP-OES 274
Results and Discussion 274
SEM-EDS 274
XRF 279
ICP-OES 279
Summary 279
Conclusions 280
Acknowledgements 280
References 280
23 Utilization CFA-Derived Tobermorite Fiber as Crystallization Revulsive in Autoclaved Concrete Block Production 282
Abstract 282
Introduction 282
Experimental 283
Materials 283
Methods 284
Hydrothermal Synthesis 284
Autoclaving Procedure 285
Characterization 285
Results and Discussion 285
Characterization of Synthetics Obtained via Hydrothermal Process 285
Effect of Crystallization Revulsive on Autoclaved Concrete Blocks 287
Effect of Revulsive on Autoclaved Concrete Blocks 287
Effect of Revulsive on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks 287
Mechanism on Strength Improvement of Autoclaved Concrete Blocks 288
Conclusions 290
Acknowledgements 290
References 290
24 An Electrochemical Procedure for Copper Removal from Regenerated Pickling Solutions of Steel Plants 292
Abstract 292
Introduction 293
Experimental 294
Results and Discussion 295
Conclusion 298
Acknowledgements 298
References 298
25 Upgrading the Copper Value in a Waste Copper Smelter Dust with the Falcon Gravity Concentrator 299
Abstract 299
Introduction 300
Material and Method 301
Ore Handling and Sampling 301
Moisture Content Determination 302
Density Determination 302
Slurry Preparation 303
Upgrading CSD via Fine Gravity Separation Method 304
Results and Discussion 305
Laser Particle Size Analyzer (LPSA) 305
Moisture Content (MC) 306
Density Determination 308
Slurry Determination 308
Gravity Separation Experiment 308
Weight Percent (Wt%) of Copper and Iron Before and After Upgrade 308
Grade and Recovery of Copper and Iron Before and After Upgrade 308
Mineralogical Interaction Before and After Upgrade 309
Conclusions 309
Acknowledgements 310
References 310
26 Towards Commercialization of Indium Recovery from Waste Liquid Crystal Display Screens 312
Abstract 312
Introduction 312
LCD Materials and Construction 313
Material Values 315
LCD Disassembly 317
Indium Recovery from Screens 317
Geopolitical Processing Environments 319
Europe 319
United States 320
China 320
Conclusions 321
Acknowledgements 321
References 322
27 Engineering, Scientific, and Policy Inputs for Developing a Levelized Cost of Energy Storage Model 324
Abstract 324
Introduction 325
Scientific Perspective 325
Economic Perspective 326
Legal Perspective 328
Levelized Cost of Storage Model 330
References 332
28 Recovery of Gallium and Arsenic from Gallium Arsenide Semiconductor Scraps 333
Abstract 333
Theoretical Analysis of GaAs Vacuum Thermal Decomposition 334
Thermodynamic Analysis 334
Vapor Pressure Criterion for Metal Separation in Alloys 336
Separation Factor ? Criterion for Metal Separation in Alloys 337
Phase Diagram Analysis 337
Experiment 338
Experimental Materials and Equipment 338
Experimental Process 338
Results and Discussion 339
Effect of Distillation Temperature on Residue Quality 339
Effects of Distillation Temperature on Gallium Volatilization 340
Effects of Distillation Temperature Time 341
TG-DTG Analysis of Raw Materials 342
Conclusion 343
References 344
29 Rapid Removal of Pb(II) from Acid Wastewater Using Vanadium Titanium-Bearing Magnetite Particles Coated by Humic Acid 345
Abstract 345
Introduction 345
Materials and Methods 346
Materials 346
Adsorptive Experiments 347
Results and Discussions 347
Effect of PH on Adsorption of Pb(II) 347
Effect of Ionic Strength on Adsorption of Pb(II) 349
Effect of VTM-HA Concentration on Adsorption of Pb(II) 349
Adsorption Kinetics 350
Adsorption Isotherms 351
Conclusions 352
Acknowledgements 353
References 353
30 Study of the Synthesis of MgAl2O4 Spinel Refractory from Waste Chromium Slag of a Chrome Plant in China 355
Abstract 355
Introduction 355
Materials and Methods 356
Material 356
Origin of Chromium Slag 356
Process 356
Process Design for Preparation of Refractory Raw Material from Chromium Slag 356
Experimental Design of Sintering Method 357
Design of Electric-Melting Experiments 358
Design of Performance Test 359
Results and Discussion 360
Experimental Results and Discussion of Sintering Method 360
Experimental Results and Discussion of Electric-Melting Method 362
Results of Performance Test 367
Discussions 368
Conclusions 369
References 369
31 Effect of Ferrosilicon on Reduction of Cr2O3 in Steelmaking Slags 370
Abstract 370
Introduction 370
Experiments 371
Materials 371
Experimental Procedure 372
Sample Analysis Methods 372
Results and Discussions 373
Conclusion 377
Acknowledgements 378
References 378
32 Bacterial Degradation of Free Cyanide in Alkaline Medium Using Bacillus Licheniformis Strain 379
Abstract 379
Introduction 379
Methodology 380
Adaptation to Alkaline Medium 380
Free-Cyanide Measurement 381
Cyanide Degrading Assays 381
Results and Discussion 382
Bacterial Adaptation to Alkaline Environments 382
Cyanide Degradation 383
Conclusions 384
References 385
33 Determination of Limiting Current Density of a Solution with Copper, Zinc and EDTA from the Effluent of Brass Electrodeposition 386
Abstract 386
Introduction 386
Experimental 388
Solutions 388
Ion Exchange Membranes 388
Electrochemical Cell and Chronopotentiometric Measurements 389
Results and Discussion 390
Evaluation of Copper Proportion 390
Evaluation of the PH 390
Conclusions 392
Acknowledgements 393
References 393
34 Effect of the pH on the Recovery of Al3+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ by Purolite S950 395
Abstract 395
Introduction 395
Materials and Methods 396
Material 396
Pretreatment of Resin 396
Preparation of Synthetic Solution 397
Batch Tests 397
Instrumentals 399
Results 399
Conclusions 401
Aknowledgements 401
References 402
35 Evaluation of the Occurrence of Fouling and Scaling on the Membrane HDX 200 for the Treatment of the Effluent of Brass Electrodeposition with EDTA as Complexing Agent 404
Abstract 404
Introduction 404
Experimental 406
Solutions 406
Ion Exchange Membranes 406
Electrochemical Cell and Chronopotentiometric Measurements 407
Results and Discussion 407
Evaluation of Copper Proportion 407
Evaluation of the PH of the Solution 410
Conclusions 411
Acknowledgements 411
References 411
36 High Temperature Crystallization Kinetics of MgSO4 · H2O 414
Abstract 414
Introduction 414
Materials and Methods 416
Results and Discussion 417
Removal of Magnesium from Mother Liquor 417
Crystallization Kinetics 417
Activation Energy 419
Product Characterization 419
Morphology 419
Composition 420
Conclusion 421
References 422
37 Preparation of Glass-Ceramic from Titanium-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag by “Petrurgic” Method 423
Abstract 423
Introduction 424
Experimental Procedure 426
Material 426
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) 427
Thermodynamic Calculation 428
Sample Preparation 429
Results and Discussion 429
Macro Structure 429
Crystalline Phase 431
Microstructural Analysis 432
Mechanical Properties 434
Conclusion 435
Acknowledgements 435
References 435
38 Recovery of Copper from Nickel Laterite Leach Waste by Chemical Reduction Using Sodium Dithionite 437
Abstract 437
Introduction 437
Materials and Methods 438
Results and Discussion 438
Conclusion 440
Acknowledgements 441
References 441
39 Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from a Waste Zone of Nickel Laterite Ore Using a Mixture of Extractants in Solvent Extraction Technique 443
Abstract 443
Introduction 443
Experimental 445
Results 446
Conclusions 448
Acknowledgements 449
References 449
40 Mechanical Behavior of White Ordinary Portland Cement Paste with Iron Oxide Powders Containing Arsenic 451
Abstract 451
Introduction 451
Experimental 452
Results and Analysis 453
Conclusions 456
Acknowledgements 456
References 456
Solar Cell Silicon 458
41 Three-Dimensional Crystal-Plasticity Based Model for Intrinsic Stresses in Multi-junction Photovoltaic 459
Abstract 459
Introduction 460
Constitutive Model 461
Numerical Model 462
Model Parameters 463
Results 464
Results of the Structure Without Introducing Embedded Voids 464
Results After Introducing the Embedded Void 465
Conclusion 466
Acknowledgements 466
References 466
42 Review of Solar Silicon Recycling 468
Abstract 468
Introduction 468
Recoverable Materials and Projections 469
Current Recycling Methods 470
Recycling Methods of Crystalline Si Modules 472
Conclusion 474
Acknowledgements 474
References 474
43 Thermo-Calc of the Phase Diagram of the Fe–Si System 476
Abstract 476
Introduction 476
Methodology 477
Results and Discussion 478
Conclusions 482
References 482
44 Crystal Growth Mechanism of Si in Hypereutectic Al–Si Melt During the Electromagnetic Directional Solidification 483
Abstract 483
Introduction 483
Experimental 484
Results 485
Discussion 487
Enrichment Mechanism of Primary Si 487
Crystal Growth of Primary Si 488
Conclusions 490
Acknowledgements 491
References 491
45 Thermo-Calc of the Phase Diagram of Calcium Silicon (Ca–Si) System 492
Abstract 492
Introduction 492
Methodology 493
Results and Discussion 493
Conclusions 496
References 497
46 Leaching of Indium from ITO Present in Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic Modules 498
Abstract 498
Introduction 498
Materials and Methods 500
Results 500
Conclusion 503
Acknowledgements 503
References 503
Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage 504
47 Direct Performance Simulation Based on the Microstructure of SOFC Electrodes: A Phase Field Approach 505
Abstract 505
Introduction 505
Methodology 506
Electrochemical Model 506
Phase Field Simulation 509
Results 511
Performance Degradation in the Cathode with 35%LSM 511
Volume Fraction Effect 512
Conclusions 513
Acknowledgements 514
References 514
48 Effect of Sonication Power on Al2O3 Coated LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 Cathode Material for LIB 516
Abstract 516
Introduction 516
Experimental 518
Results and Discussion 518
Conclusions 521
Acknowledgements 521
References 521
49 Effect of Nano-Graphite Dispersion on the Thermal Solar Selective Absorbance of Polymeric-Based Coating Material 524
Abstract 524
Impact Statement 525
Introduction 525
Materials and Methods 527
Results and Discussion 528
Conclusions 532
Acknowledgements 533
References 533
50 Synthesis of MoAlB Particulates and Their Porous Derivatives by Selective Deintercalation of Al from MoAlB 535
Abstract 535
Introduction 535
Experimental 536
Results and Discussion 538
Conclusions 540
Acknowledgements 540
References 540
51 A New Economical Method for Fabricating High-Purity Bi2O3 via Extraction-Precipitation Stripping and Post Annealing 542
Abstract 542
Experimental 543
Materials and Reagents 543
Preparation of Bi2O3 543
Characterizations 544
Results and Discussion 544
Extraction of Bi 544
Precipitation Stripping of Bi 545
Influence of Oxalic Acid Concentration 545
Influence of Phase Ratio (Vo/Va) 545
Influence of Aging Duration 546
Influence of Feeding Duration 546
Characterization of Precursor 547
Characterization of Bi2O3 549
Conclusions 550
References 551
Stored Renewable Energy in Coal 553
52 Aluminum-Silicon Alloys Prepared from High-Aluminum Fly Ash to Extract Magnesium from Serpentine 554
Abstract 554
Introduction 555
Experimental Procedure 556
Raw Materials 557
Test Methods 558
Results and Discussion 558
Comprehensive Experiment for Producing Al–Si Alloys 558
Comprehensive Experiment for Producing Magnesium 559
Conclusions 560
References 561
53 Organic Agriculture Using Natural Material Coal 562
Abstract 562
Introduction 562
Soil Organic Carbon 563
Humates 563
Flora Friendliness of Coal 564
Organic Agricoal 565
Arid Lands Worldwide 565
Conclusion 566
References 566
54 Extraction and Production of Rare Earth Elements from Coal-Seam Bedrock and Caprock 568
Abstract 568
Background 568
Goals 569
Extraction Technology 575
Chemical Separation Technology 576
Partial Summary of Preliminary Costs 579
Summary of advantages of proposed technology approach 580
Description of Laboratory Work to Date 580
Block Flow Diagram Identifying Steps 580
How the Technology Would Be Scaled up? 581
Preliminary Economics 581
Summary 582
References 582
55 Extraction and Thermal Dissolution of Low-Rank Coal by N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidinone 583
Abstract 583
Introduction 584
Experimental 584
Materials 584
Thermal Dissolution 585
Results and Discussion 586
Ultimate and Proximate Analyses of TDCs 586
Effect of Coal Rank on the Extraction Yield 587
Effect of Temperature on Extraction Yield and Ash Content 589
Effect of NMP/Coal Ratio on the Extraction Yield and Ash Content 590
Effect of Thermal Dissolution Time on the Extraction Yield and Ash Content 591
Determination of the Reaction Mechanism for Thermally Dissolve Coal 592
Conclusions 592
Acknowledgements 593
References 593
56 Enhancement of Coal Nanostructure and Investigation of Its Novel Properties 594
Abstract 594
Fungal Solubilisation of Coal 594
Coal as a Source of Novel Nanocarbon Materials 598
Conclusions 600
References 601
57 Erratum to: Recovery of Copper from Nickel Laterite Leach Waste by Chemical Reduction Using Sodium Dithionite 603
Erratum to:& #6
Author Index 604
Subject Index 607