Clinical Reproductive Science

MICHAEL CARROLL, Senior Lecturer in Reproductive Science, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

List of Contributors xi


About the Editor xv


Preface xvii


Acknowledgements xix


About the Companion Website xxi


Section One Reproductive Science: Fundamentals of Human Reproductive Biology 1


1 Sexual Differentiation, Gonadal Development, and Development of the External Genitalia: A Review of The Regulation of Sexual Differentiation 3
Rebecca M. Perrett


2 Male and Female Reproductive Anatomy 35
Sara Sulaiman and James Coey


3 Fundamentals of Reproductive Endocrinology 45
Derrick Ebot, Haider Hilal, Michael Carroll, and James Coey


4 The Ovaries, Oocytes, and Folliculogenesis 57
Jacques Gilloteaux and James Coey


5 The Human Spermatozoa 65
Allan Pacey and Katrina Williams


6 The Biology of Fertilization 75
Michael Carroll


7 Human Embryo Development: From Zygote Stage to Peri ]Implantation Blastocyst 93
Stephane Berneau and Michael Carroll


8 The Female Reproductive Tract and Early Embryo Development: A Question of Supply and Demand 99
Henry J. Leese and Daniel R. Brison


Section Two Clinical Reproductive Science: Causes of Male and Female Infertility 109


9 Disorders of Male Reproductive Endocrinology 111
Michael Carroll


10 Disorders of Female Reproductive Endocrinology 125
Mahshid Nickkho ]Amiry and Cheryl T. Fitzgerald


11 Oocyte Aneuploidy and the Maternal Age Effect 133
Mary Herbert


12 Female Reproductive Pathology: Peritoneal, Uterine, and Fallopian Tube Pathologies 147
Kenneth Ma Kin Yue, Rosa Trigas, and Edmond Edi ]Osagie


13 Pathologies of the Male Reproductive Tract 159
Aarush Sajjad, Muhammad A. Akhtar, and Yasmin Sajjad


14 The Impact of Infections on Reproduction and Fertility 177
Val Edwards Jones


15 Nutrition, Fetal Health, and Pregnancy 189
Emma Derbyshire


16 The Embryonic Environment and Developmental Origins of Health 195
Tom P. Fleming and Congshan Sun


17 Lifestyle and Environmental Impacts on Fertility 205
Ana ]Maria Tomova and Michael Carroll


Section Three Clinical Reproductive Science In Practice: IVF and Assisted Reproductive Technologies 215


18 Assessing the Infertile Couple 217
Narmada Katakam, Ruth Arnesen, Caroline Watkins, Bert Stewart, and Luciano G. Nardo


19 Ovarian Stimulation Protocols 231
Nikolaos Tsampras and Cheryl T. Fitzgerald


20 Oocyte Retrieval Techniques and Culture of Oocytes 241
Dawn Yell


21 Sperm Preparation: Strategy and Methodology 251
Stephen Harbottle


22 Diagnostic Semen Analysis: Uncertainty, Clinical Value, and Recent Advances 265
Mathew Tomlinson


23 Surgical Sperm Retrieval 279
Muhammad A. Akhtar, Elizabeth Hester, Solmaz Gul Sajjad, and Yasmin Sajjad


24 In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 291
Bryan Woodward


25 Morphological Assessment of Embryos in Culture 303
J. Diane Critchlow


26 In Vitro Culture of Gametes and Embryos The Culture Medium 317
Robbie Kerr


27 Incubators in the Assisted Reproductive Technology Laboratory 333
Louise Hyslop


28 Embryo Transfer Techniques and Improving Embryo Implantation Rates 341
Rachel Cutting


29 Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos 351
Tope Adeniyi


30 Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening 371
Colleen Lynch and Brendan Ball


31 Long ]Term Follow ]Up of Children Conceived Through In Vitro Fertilization 385
Omar Abdel ]Mannan and Alastair G. Sutcliffe


Index 393