Advances in Health and Environment Safety (eBook)

Dr. N.A. Siddiqui is Professor at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) (2005–present). He holds a Master’s degree in Environmental Sciences from Lucknow University, India (1996), and a PhD in Environmental Biology from Awadhesh Pratap Singh University (APS) University, Rewa, India. Additionally, he has a number of professional certifications, e.g., a NEBOSH diploma, NEBOSH–IGC, IOSH Managing Safely, Lead Auditor OHSAS 18001, Lead Auditor ISO 14001 and GRAD-IOSH. Prof. Siddiqui’s research interests include occupational health, safety and environment. He has co-authored more than 100 papers and eight books and has organized a number of national and international seminars/conferences/MDPs. He has also worked on a number of major R&D projects. Dr. S. M. Tauseef is Assistant Professor (SG) and Head of the Environmental Research Institute at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), India (2015–present). He holds an MS in Chemical Engineering (Process Design) from Sharif University of Technology, Iran (2008), and a PhD in Environmental Engineering from Pondicherry University (PU) (2011). Prior to joining UPES, he worked as a Pool Officer (CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) at PU (2012–2015). Dr. Tauseef’s research interests include process safety, especially forecasting and consequence assessment of accidents in chemical process industries. He has developed methodologies for the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to dense gas dispersion, vapor cloud explosions, and single and multiple pool fires. His other main interest is in solid waste management, especially the design of continuously operable vermireactor systems for assorted wastes, and high-rate anaerobic digesters. To date, he has published 25 journal articles, co-authored three books, filed three patents and presented papers at 21 conferences. Dr. Kamal Bansal, Professor and Dean, College of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) at Dehradun, India, has a career spanning more than 20 years, with extensive academic and industrial experience. He has been involved in managing the design, construction, testing and commissioning of a wide range of electrical control systems, machinery, equipment and substations. Working as a consultant, he has contributed to several projects for Shell Global, Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency/Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (UREDA/UJVNL), the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Devika Consultants and MK Raju Consultants. He has been involved in a number of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects for UREDA, Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL) and several other public and private organizations. Dr. Bansal has authored a number of research publications in journals of national and international repute.

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Steering Committee 8
Organizing Committee 10
Member of International Technical Panel 11
Contents 14
About the Editors 18
1 Health Assessment of Loktak Lake Using Diatoms as Biological Indicators 20
1 Introduction 20
2 Methodology 21
3 Results and Discussion 21
4 Conclusion 25
Acknowledgements 25
Appendix 1 25
References 28
2 Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Citrus Limon Leaves and Its Structural Investigation 30
1 Introduction 30
2 The Experiment 31
2.1 Materials 31
2.2 Methods 31
3 Results and Discussion 32
3.1 ANOVA Analysis 32
3.2 Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles 34
4 Conclusion 38
Acknowledgements 38
References 38
3 Effectuation of Renewable Energy as an Effective Mitigation Approach Towards Climate Change 40
1 Introduction 40
2 Present Scenarios 42
3 Sectorial Enforcements 43
4 Government Initiatives and Policies 44
5 Discussion 45
6 Conclusion 46
References 46
4 Energy Efficiency Measures Across Key Sectors in India—An Approach Towards Climate Change 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Sectorial Enforcements 49
3 Discussion 52
4 Conclusion 53
References 53
5 Identification of Soil Digging Using Acoustic Pattern Recognition 54
1 Introduction 54
2 System Overview 56
3 Experimental Setup 57
4 Analysis of Signals 57
5 Parameter Calculation 57
6 Algorithms for Soil Digging Detection 60
7 Result 63
8 Conclusion 63
Acknowledgements 63
References 63
6 Environmental Implications of Rice and Wheat Stubble Burning in North-Western States of India 65
1 Introduction 65
2 The Generation and Burning of Crop Stubble 66
3 Effects of Stubble Burning on Environment 68
4 Management of Crop Stubble 70
4.1 On Farm Soil Mulching and Compost Production 71
4.2 Alternate Methods of Crop Residue Management 71
5 Conclusion 72
References 72
7 Treatment of Dairy Farm Effluent Using Recirculating Constructed Wetland Units 74
1 Introduction 74
2 Materials and Methods 75
2.1 Study Site 75
2.2 Dosing and Sampling 75
2.3 Laboratory Experiments 76
3 Results and Discussion 77
3.1 Effect of Recirculation on BOD, COD, and TP 77
3.2 Effect of Recirculation on NO3-N, NH4-N, and TN 79
3.3 Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR) 80
4 Conclusion 81
Acknowledgements 81
References 82
8 Diatom Flora in Natural and Regulated Stretch of River Tons and Yamuna: Determining the Impacts of Hydropower Projects on the River Ecosystem 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Materials and Methods 85
3 Results 85
4 Discussion 87
5 Conclusion 89
Acknowledgements 90
References 90
9 Safety and Occupational Health Hazards of Agricultural Workers Handling Pesticides: A Case Study 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Methodology 93
3 Results and Discussion 93
3.1 Pesticide Information 93
3.2 Safety Practices 93
3.3 Awareness of Pesticides Spray 95
3.4 Hygiene and Protection Practices 96
3.5 Health Effects 96
3.6 Bivariant Analysis 96
4 Conclusions 98
References 98
10 Step Towards E-Waste Management (STEM) 100
1 Introduction 100
2 Global Scenario of E-Waste 101
3 Composition of E-Waste 101
4 Legal Framework for E-Waste 102
4.1 The Basel Convention 102
5 Growth of Solar Industry 103
6 The Way Forward 104
References 105
11 Computational Approach Towards the Identification of Allergenic Protein in Orphan Crops 106
1 Introduction 106
1.1 Explanation of Orphan Crops Used in the Study 107
1.2 Importance of Orphan Crops 108
1.3 Bioinformatics in the Orphan Crop 110
2 Materials and Methods 111
2.1 Retrieval of Protein Sequence 111
2.2 Allergen Prediction 111
2.3 Equation 112
3 Results and Discussion 112
4 Conclusion 115
Acknowledgements 116
References 116
12 Experimental Investigation of Thermal Energy Storage System for Hot Air Applications 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Experimental Setup 120
3 Instrumentation 121
3.1 Porosity 121
3.2 Air Flow and Pressure Measurements 122
3.3 Temperature Measurements 122
3.4 Air Properties in Charging and Discharging 122
4 Results and Discussion 123
4.1 Charging Profile of Packed Bed at Air Inlet Temperature 40 °C 123
4.2 Charging Profile of Packed Bed at Air Inlet Temperature 50 °C 123
4.3 Discharging Profile of Packed Bed 125
4.4 Effect of Mass Flow Rate of Air in Charging of Packed Bed 127
4.5 Comparison Between Experimental and Analytical Results 128
5 Conclusions 129
References 131
13 Sustainable Food Supply Chain Management Implementation Using DEMATEL Approach 132
1 Introduction 132
2 Literature Review 133
2.1 SFSCM 133
2.2 SFs Related to SFSCM 133
3 Solution Methodology 134
3.1 DEMATEL Method 135
4 Data Collection for DEMATEL Approach 137
5 Results and Discussions 137
5.1 Relationship Between SFs of SFSCM 137
5.2 Ranking of Success Factors 139
6 Conclusion, Limitation of Work and Future Scope 140
Acknowledgements 141
References 141
14 Biodiversity and Conservation of Medicinally Important Plants by Cultivation Method of Shivalik Hills of Sahaspur Block, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 143
1 Introduction 143
2 Study Area 144
3 Materials and Methods 144
4 Results and Discussion 145
5 Conclusion 147
Acknowledgements 147
References 147
15 Implementation of Sustainable Consumption and Production Using DEMATEL 149
1 Introduction 149
2 Literature Survey 150
2.1 Success Factors of SCP 151
3 Solution Methodology 152
3.1 Dematel 152
4 Data Analysis and Results 154
5 Managerial Implications 155
5.1 Causal Relationship Among Success Factors of SCP 155
5.2 Ranking of Success Factors of SCP 156
6 Conclusion, Limitation, and Future Scope 158
Acknowledgements 159
References 159
16 A Review of CSR Activities Under Companies Act 2013 and Enterprise Social Commitment Under Environment Clearance for Major Cement Industries in India 161
1 Introduction 161
2 EC Requirements for Enterprise Social Commitment 162
3 The Companies Act 2013 Requirements for Corporate Social Responsibility 162
4 Methodology and Data Collection 163
5 CSR Activities and the Projects Undertaken for Environment Sustainability 163
6 Trend of CSR Expenditure on Environment Sustainability Projects 164
7 Summary and Conclusion 165
References 165
17 Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metals in Topsoil: An Impact of Thermal Power Plants of Maharashtra (India) 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Materials and Methods 168
2.1 Study Sites 168
2.2 Sample Collection 169
2.3 Sample Analysis 170
2.4 Statistical Analysis 170
3 Results and Discussion 171
3.1 Heavy Metals in Samples 171
3.2 Physicochemical Characteristics 178
3.3 PCA 181
4 Conclusion 183
References 183
18 Generation of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) from Dried and Powdered Ipomoea (Ipomoea carnea) 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Materials and Methods 186
2.1 Preparation of Ipomoea Feedstock 186
2.2 Design of Experiment 186
3 Results and Discussion 187
3.1 Analysis of Results Using Taguchi Method 192
Acknowledgements 208
References 208
19 Risk and Environmental Assessment of an Indian Industry Through Active Monitoring—Case Study 209
1 Introduction 209
1.1 Raw Material Unloading 210
1.2 Powdered Machinery 210
1.3 Welding 210
1.4 Sandblasting 212
1.5 Painting 212
1.6 Transportation 213
1.7 Scrap Disposal 213
2 Methodology 213
2.1 Risk Assessment 213
2.2 Environment Aspect Impact Assessment 215
3 Conclusion 216
References 216
20 Air Pollutant Dispersion Models: A Review 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Mesoscale Air Pollution Dispersion Model 218
3 Lagrangian Particle Dispersion (LPD) Model 219
4 Euler Grid Dispersion Model 219
5 Source-Oriented and Receptor-Oriented Dispersion Modelling 220
6 Hybrid Dispersion Model 220
7 Conclusion 221
References 221
21 Application of Sustainable Solar Energy Solutions for Rural Development—A Concept for Remote Villages of India 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Methodology for Drinking Water Quality Evaluation 226
2.1 Experimental Set-up for Drinking Water Treatment by Solar Distillation Unit 226
3 Results for Solar Still Investigations for Rural Domestic Water Supply 227
3.1 Feasibility Study for Adoption of Solar Distillation Technology for Kaudikasa Village, Rajnandgaon 228
4 Conclusion 230
4.1 Application of Solar Distillation and Phyto-pond for Domestic Water Supply 230
References 231
22 Biological Monitoring of Water Quality Before and After Completion of the Hydroelectric Project on the River Alaknanda at Srinagar 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Study Area 233
3 Materials and Methods 234
4 Observations 235
5 Discussion 236
Acknowledgements 238
References 239
23 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Administrative Controls in a Food Processing Industry 241
1 Introduction 241
1.1 Evaluating Safety trainings, Safety Campaigns and Work Permit System 241
2 Literature Review 242
3 Methodology 243
4 Results and Discussion 243
4.1 Work Permit Survey Analysis 245
4.2 Safety Training Survey Analysis 246
5 Further Recommendations 247
6 Summary and Conclusion 248
References 248
24 A Review of Vehicular Pollution and Control Measures in India 249
1 Introduction 249
2 Development of Vehicles Sector in India 250
3 Vehicular Pollution in India 250
4 Health Issues Due to Vehicular Pollution 253
5 Control Measures 254
5.1 Road Infrastructure Development 254
5.2 Mass Public Transport 254
5.3 Alternate Fuels 255
5.4 Other Measures 255
6 Conclusion 255
References 256
25 Phosphorous Recovery as Struvite from Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge Liquors in Delhi, India 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Materials and Methods 259
2.1 Sampling 259
2.2 Laboratory Experiments 259
2.3 Experimental Studies 259
3 Results and Discussion 260
3.1 Characteristics for MAP crystallization 260
3.2 Preliminary Trials Jar Tests Phosphorous (ADSS PO4 Levels at Different Stages) Refer Fig. 1 261
3.2.1 Crystal Identification 261
4 Conclusion 263
Acknowledgements 263
References 263
26 Extraction of Energy Precursors in the Form of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) from the Xerophyte Prosopis (Prosopis juliflora) 265
1 Introduction 265
2 Materials and Methods 266
3 Results and Discussion 267
Acknowledgement 271
References 271
27 Study of Mosaic Virus Effects on Physical Properties of Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) in Western Himalayas 272
1 Introduction 272
2 Materials and Methods 272
3 Observation 274
4 Results 274
5 Discussion 276
References 276
28 Conversion of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Obtained from Ipomoea (Ipomoea carnea) to Energy 278
1 Introduction 278
2 Experimental 280
3 Results and Discussion 281
Acknowledgem?en?t 286
References 286
29 Human Health Effects Emanating from Airborne Heavy Metals Due to Natural and Anthropogenic Activities: A Review 288
1 Introduction 288
2 Sources of Heavy Metals 289
2.1 Natural Source 289
2.2 Anthropogenic Source 289
3 Various Sampling Methods 290
4 Concentration and Emissions Around the World 291
4.1 Lead 292
4.2 Cadmium 294
4.3 Arsenic 294
4.4 Copper 295
4.5 Nickel 295
4.6 Chromium 295
5 Adverse Health Effects and Its Impact 296
5.1 Lead 296
5.2 Cadmium 296
5.3 Arsenic 297
5.4 Copper 298
5.5 Nickel 299
5.6 Chromium 299
6 Conclusion 300
References 301
30 Soil-Less Use of Aquatic Macrophytes in Wastewater Treatment and the Novel SHEFROL® Bioreactor 306
1 Challenges Associated with Sewage Treatment 306
2 The Imperatives 307
3 Pre-existing Systems Based on Soil-Less Use of Plants for Wastewater Treatment in ‘Thin-Film’ or ‘Nutrient-Film’ Flow Mode 307
4 The SHEFROL Bioreactor® 308
A?cknowledgem?en?t 315
A?cknowledgem?en?t 315
A?cknowledgem?en?t 315
References 321
31 Managing and Identifying the Risks Related to Biochemical Conversion of Waste-to-Energy 326
1 Introduction 326
2 Material Identification 327
2.1 Materials Hazards 327
2.2 Operations and Handling 328
2.3 Processing of Hazardous Materials 328
2.4 Other Related Hazards 329
2.5 Hazards from Design, Construction and Commissioning 330
3 Discussion 330
3.1 Incidents 330
3.2 Human Factors 331
3.3 Risk Management 331
4 Conclusion 333
References 333
32 Treatment of Effluent from Pharmaceutical Industry Using Calcium Oxide Obtained from Eggshells 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Methodology 338
2.1 Adsorbent Preparation 338
2.2 Adsorbate Preparation 338
2.3 Characterization of Adsorbate 339
2.4 Batch Adsorption Studies 340
2.5 Continuous Adsorption Studies 340
3 Results and Discussion 341
3.1 XRD Analysis 341
3.2 EDS Analysis 342
3.3 Particle Size Analysis 342
3.4 BET Analysis 343
3.5 SEM Analysis 344
3.6 Batch Adsorption Studies 344
3.6.1 Effect of Dosage 344
3.6.2 Effect of pH 345
3.6.3 Effect of Temperature 347
3.6.4 Effect of Contact Time 347
3.7 Continuous Adsorption Studies 348
3.7.1 Effect of Bed Height 348
3.7.2 Effect of Flow Rate 349
4 Conclusion 350
References 351
33 Chemometric Techniques: A Comparative Study of Drinking Water Sources of Dehradun and Haridwar, Uttarakhand (India) 352
1 Introduction 352
2 Materials and Methods 353
2.1 Study Area 353
2.2 Methodology for Sampling and Preservation 353
3 Results and Discussion 354
3.1 Dehradun District 354
3.2 Haridwar District 355
3.3 Cluster Analysis of Drinking Water Sources of Dehradun District 355
3.4 Cluster Analysis of Drinking Water Sources of Haridwar District 356
4 Conclusion 357
Acknowledgements 358
References 358
34 Treatment of Sewage by the Weed Ipomoea Aquatica: A Feasibility Study on Bench-Scale SHEFROL® Bioreactor 359
1 Introduction 359
1.1 Water Spinach (Ipomoea Aquatica) 360
2 Materials and Methods 360
2.1 The Bioagent 361
2.2 The SHEFROL® Set Up 361
2.3 Assessment of the Performance of I. Aquatica 362
3 Results and Discussion 362
Acknowledgements 364
References 364
35 Development of Multimedia Hazardous Material Information System 366
1 Introduction 366
2 Materials and Methods 367
2.1 Worker HSE Comprehensibility Study 367
2.2 Material Safety Data Sheet Analysis 367
2.3 Hazardous Material Information System Development 368
2.4 Multimedia Hazardous Material Information System Development 369
2.5 HMIS and MHMIS Effectiveness Study 369
3 Results and Discussion 370
3.1 Worker HSE Comprehensibility Study 370
3.2 HMIS Effectiveness Study 370
3.3 MHMIS Effectiveness Study 370
4 Conclusion 371
References 371
36 Quality Assessment of Groundwater Using Water Quality Index at Yamunanagar, Haryana 373
1 Introduction 373
1.1 Study Area 373
1.2 Demography 374
2 Materials and Methods 374
3 Results and Discussion 377
4 Conclusion 379
References 379
37 Impact of Information Technology and Sedentary Lifestyle on Occupational Health 381
1 Introduction 381
2 Material and Method 382
3 Questionnaire 382
4 Results 383
5 Conclusion and Suggestion 386
References 386
38 Effect of Finite Dimension of the Substrate on the Performance of Microstrip Antenna 388
1 Introduction 388
2 Microstrip Antenna Design 388
3 Results and Discussion 389
4 Conclusions 391
References 392
39 Performance Enhancement of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna by Inserting Notches and Slits 393
1 Introduction 393
2 Antenna Structure and Design 394
3 Results and Discussion 395
4 Conclusions 397
References 397