Optical And Microwave Technologies (eBook)

Sangeetha R.G.’s education includes a B.E. in Electronics and Communication Engineering and M.E. in Computer and Communication Engineering. She completed her Ph.D. (2012) in Optical Networks at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. She has a national and a US patent to her credit. Her research publications are in reputed journals and conferences. She has 11 years of teaching experience. Currently, she is working as an Associate Professor in VIT University, Chennai campus and guiding M.Tech and Ph.D scholars. She is a member of IEEE and OSA. Her main research interests are in the area of Fiber Optic Communications, Optical Networks, and Free Space Communication. Currently, she is pursuing a Department of Science and Technology (DST)-sponsored project, titled “Test Bed for Hardware Implementation of All Optical Bi-Directional Switching Node” under the Fast-Track Young Scientist Scheme.  Dr. Usha Kiran K. completed her Ph.D. on Microwave Antennas at Gulbarga University, Karnataka in 2007. She then joined the Microwave Lab, ECE, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore as Project Associate and developed several RF MEMS SPDT and SPST switches from 2007 to 2009. She served as a Project Scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, where she worked on an RF MEMS Phase shifter from 2010 to 2012. Since 2012, she has been working at Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai. She has published more than 80 papers in international and national journals, and for conferences on Microwave Antennas and RF MEMS. Presently, she is working on a DST-funded project on “MEM phase shifter based steerable antenna array”.

Contents 6
About the Editors 9
1 Enhanced Hierarchical Cluster Based Routing Protocol with Optical Sphere in FSO MANET 11
Abstract 11
1 Introduction (Free Space Optical Wireless Networks) 12
2 Literature Review 13
3 Problem Identification and Solution 13
3.1 Data Propagation Model 14
3.2 Phases of proposed Hierarchical Routing protocol with Multielements 14
4 Simulation Results 15
4.1 Simulation Results 15
4.2 Performance Metrics 16
5 Results 16
6 Conclusion 17
References 18
2 Performance Improvement of Fractal Antenna with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) and Defected Ground Structure for Wireless Communication 19
Abstract 19
1 Introduction 19
2 Methodology 20
2.1 Antenna Design 20
3 Results and Discussions 23
3.1 Analysis with Respect to Number of Iterations and EBG Structure in Ground Plane 23
3.2 Proposed Antenna 25
4 Conclusion 28
Reference 29
3 Conventional DMTL Phase Shifter is Designed Without Meta-material and with Meta-material 30
Abstract 30
1 Introduction 30
2 Literature and Proposed Work 31
3 Design of Antenna 32
4 Conventional DMTL Phase Shifter Is Designed Without Meta-material and with Meta-material 34
5 Result 36
6 Conclusion 41
References 41
4 A Modified L-Slot Microstrip Antenna with Chamfered Patch Edges for UWB Applications 42
Abstract 42
1 Introduction 42
2 Antenna Design and Simulation 43
2.1 Design Equations 44
2.2 Chamfering and Optimization of Parameters 46
3 Conclusion 50
Acknowledgements 51
References 51
5 Performance Analysis of CSRZ-DQPSK Modulator for RoF-PON-Based Wireless Access 52
Abstract 52
1 Introduction 52
2 System Model 53
3 Results and Discussions 55
4 Conclusion 60
References 60
6 Effects of Cross-phase Modulation and Four-Wave Mixing in DWDM Optical Systems Using RZ and NRZ Signal 61
Abstract 61
1 Introduction 61
2 Four-Wave Mixing 62
3 Cross-phase Modulation 63
4 Transmitter Section 64
4.1 NRZ Optical Transmitter 64
4.2 RZ Optical Transmitter 64
5 Simulation Setup 65
6 Results and Discussions 67
6.1 Effects Due to Cross-phase Modulation 67
6.2 Effects of Four-Wave Mixing 68
7 Conclusion 70
References 71
7 Implantable Antenna for Blood Glucose Monitoring 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Antenna Design 73
3 Results 74
4 Conclusion 77
References 77
8 Reliability Analysis of Data Center Network 78
Abstract 78
1 Introduction 78
2 Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) Analytical Method 79
2.1 Series RBD 80
2.2 Parallel RBD 80
2.3 Series–Parallel RBD 81
3 Network Reliability Analysis 82
3.1 Network Reliability Analysis for Benes Network 82
3.2 Network Reliability Analysis for Torus Network 83
4 Comparison of Network Reliability Analysis 84
5 Conclusion 86
References 87
9 Study of Microstrip Antenna Array with EBG Structure 88
Abstract 88
1 Introduction 88
2 Antenna Array Design Without EBG 89
3 Antenna Array Design with EBG Slots 90
4 Photographs of Fabricated Antennas 92
5 Measured Results 93
6 Summary of Measured Results 96
7 Conclusion 97
References 97
10 Gain Enhancement of Compact Multiband Antenna with Metamaterial Superstrate 98
Abstract 98
1 Introduction 98
2 Antenna Design 99
3 Result and Discussion 100
4 Conclusion 104
References 104
11 Cooperative Communication for Resource Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks 106
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 106
2 Literature Survey 107
3 System Model 108
4 Results 109
References 111
12 Interdomain Traffic Engineering with BGP and MPLS VPN 112
Abstract 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 113
2.1 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 113
3 Traffic Engineering 114
4 MPLS VPN 114
5 Topology for Analysis 116
6 Result 116
7 Conclusion 118
References 118
13 Analysis and Critical Parameter Extraction of an LED for Brain Implants 120
Abstract 120
1 Introduction 120
2 LED for Direct Brian Implant 122
2.1 Selection of an LED 122
2.2 Thermal Effects of an LED System 122
2.3 Heat Generated by Light 123
2.4 Heat Generated by Device 125
3 Design Parameter Analysis 125
Acknowledgements 130
References 130
14 Review of Thermal Management of an LED for Brain Implants 131
Abstract 131
1 Introduction 131
2 Heat Generated by an LED 134
2.1 Thermal Properties of an LED 134
2.2 Junction Temperature Measurement 137
2.3 Thermal Analysis 139
3 Bioheat Transfer 140
4 Summary 141
5 Conclusion 143
Acknowledgements 143
References 143
15 Band Gap Analysis in Defectless Photonic Crystals 144
Abstract 144
1 Introduction 144
2 Mathematical Formulation for Band Gap 145
3 Photonic Crystal Design 146
4 Results 147
4.1 Influence of Refractive Index 147
4.2 Influence of Ratio of Radius to Lattice Constant 148
5 Conclusion 149
Acknowledgements 149
References 149
16 Multiband High-Gain Antenna with CPW Feed for Wi-Fi, WI-MAX and X Band Application 150
Abstract 150
1 Introduction 151
2 Antenna Design and Simulation 152
3 Results and Discussion 154
4 Conclusion 157
References 157
17 Design and Parameter Extraction of Split Ring Resonator for Surface Crack Detection in Different Materials 158
Abstract 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Theoretical Analysis 160
3 Unit Cell Design 161
4 Conclusion 165
References 165
18 Optical Channel Analysis of Turbo Coded MIMO-OFDM System for Visible Light Communication 166
Abstract 166
1 Introduction 166
2 System Model for Optical Wireless Communication 167
2.1 Modulation Techniques for VLC 167
2.1.1 Differential Pulse Interval Modulation (DPIM) 167
2.1.2 Double Header Pulse Interval Modulation (DH-PIM) 168
2.2 Advantages of Differential Modulation Techniques 168
2.2.1 Power Efficiency 168
2.2.2 Bandwidth Efficiency 169
2.2.3 Transmission Reliability 169
3 Proposed System Model 170
3.1 Turbo Coded OFDM Systems 171
3.1.1 Turbo Encoder 171
3.1.2 Turbo Decoder 172
3.2 Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 173
3.3 Rayleigh Fading Channel 174
4 Performance Results 175
5 Conclusions 178
References 179
19 Frequency Tuning Method for Small Profile Metamaterial Based on Tri-Ring Resonator 180
Abstract 180
1 Introduction 180
2 Design and Simulation 181
2.1 Single Ring Resonator 181
2.2 Tri-Ring Resonator 183
2.3 Metamaterial Properties of Tri-Ring Resonator 184
3 Frequency Tuning Methods 185
3.1 By Varying Ring Diameter 185
3.2 By Rotating the Inner Ring 186
4 Results and Discussion 188
5 Conclusion 188
References 188
20 Redesigning Mach-Zehnder Modulator with Ring Resonators 190
Abstract 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Ring Resonators in MZM 191
3 Results 192
4 Conclusion 195
References 195
21 Study on Gain Enhancement of the Antenna Using Planar Small Metasurface Lens 197
Abstract 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Proposed Work 198
3 Design of the Unit Cell 198
4 Analysis of the Unit Cell 198
5 Result 202
6 Conclusion and Future Work 205
References 205
22 Design of an Internal Multi-resonant PIFA Antenna for Mobile Telecommunication Networks 206
Abstract 206
1 Introduction 206
2 Configuration of Proposed Antenna 208
3 Validation of Simulated Results 209
3.1 Return Loss 209
3.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 210
3.3 Radiation Pattern 210
Acknowledgements 212
References 212
23 Design of Substrate Integrated Waveguide Back to Back ?-Shaped Slot Antenna for 60 GHz Applications 213
Abstract 213
1 Introduction 213
2 Microstrip Design 215
2.1 Microstrip 215
2.2 Microstrip Tapering to Rectangular Waveguide 215
3 Substrate Integrated Waveguide 216
4 Results and Discussion 216
5 Conclusion 221
References 222
24 Performance Improvement of Gain in Distributed Raman Amplifier Using Forward and Backward Pumps 223
Abstract 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Raman Fiber Amplifier 224
3 Forward and Backward Pumping for Flat Gain and Better Noise 225
4 Results 225
5 Conclusion 228
References 228
25 A Comparative Study on Asymmetric, Triangular, and Rectangular Core Large-Mode-Area PCF Designs 230
Abstract 230
1 Introduction 230
2 Structural Parameter, Simulation Method, Results, and Discussion 231
2.1 Structural Parameter 231
2.2 Simulation Method 233
2.3 Result and Discussion 234
3 Conclusion 236
References 236
26 Miniaturized High-Gain UWB Monopole Antenna with Dual Band Rejection Using CSRR 238
Abstract 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Antenna Structure Without Dual Band-Notches 239
2.1 Simple Rectangular Patch Antenna 239
2.2 Antenna with Step-Shaped Patch 240
2.3 Antenna with Tree-Shaped Patch 241
2.3.1 Comparison of Simulated and Measured (S11) Characteristics of UWB Antenna 241
2.3.2 Analysis Between Simulated and Measured VSWR of UWB Antenna 242
3 Antenna Structures with Band Notches 242
3.1 Antenna with Dual Band-Notches 243
4 Results 246
5 Conclusion 246
References 246
27 SOA Parameters Optimization for High Data Rate Operation 248
Abstract 248
1 Introduction 248
2 Theory of SOA 249
3 Gain Saturation 250
4 Optimization of Parameters 250
5 Conclusion 253
References 253
28 All-Optical 3R Regenerator of Design and Simulation 255
Abstract 255
1 Introduction 255
2 Link Establishment 256
3 1R Regenerator 257
3.1 Line Losses 257
4 2R Regenerator 258
4.1 Dispersion 258
4.2 Dispersion Compensation 258
4.3 Clock Recovery 259
5 Results and Inferences 263
6 Conclusion 267
References 267
29 Analysis of Dispersion Compensation Methods in WDM Systems 268
Abstract 268
1 Introduction 269
2 Simulation Setup 270
3 Result Analysis 272
4 Conclusion 276
References 276
30 Wideband Antenna for Medical Application 278
Abstract 278
1 Introduction 278
2 Proposed Methodologies 279
3 Design Methodology 280
3.1 Meander Slot Antenna 280
3.2 Spiral-Slot Antenna 280
3.3 Shorting Pin 280
4 Proposed Antenna Design 281
4.1 Use of High Dielectric Substrate and Superstrate 281
4.2 Change of Feeding Point 281
4.3 Use of Shorting Pin 281
4.4 Separated Spiral with Change of Feed Point 281
4.5 Feed Location 281
5 Conclusion 286
References 287
31 Mitigation of Cross-Phase Modulation in Multiband Radio Over Fiber Systems 288
Abstract 288
1 Introduction 288
2 Cross-Phase Modulation 289
3 Methodology 290
4 Performance Evaluation 291
4.1 NRZ Pulse Train 291
4.2 PSK Pulse Train 292
4.3 OQPSK Pulse Train 294
5 Predistortion 296
6 Results and Analysis 296
6.1 NRZ Pulse Train 296
6.2 PSK Pulse Train 297
6.3 OQPSK Pulse Train 298
7 Conclusion 299
References 300
32 The Design of High Gain Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas with FR4 and RT Duroid 301
Abstract 301
1 Introduction 301
2 SIW Antenna Design 302
3 Design of Microstrip Transition 303
4 Design of SIW Slot Antenna for Circular Polarization 304
5 Conclusion 313
Acknowledgements 314
References 314