Finite Time Thermodynamics of Power and Refrigeration Cycles (eBook)

Prof. S.C. Kaushik received his Ph.D. in Plasma Science from IIT Delhi after his distinguished First Position in Master’s degree in electronics. His research fields include the activities in Plasma Science and Thermal Science and Engineering; Energy Conservation and Heat Recovery; Solar Refrigeration and Airconditioning; Solar Architecture; and Thermal Storage and Power Generation. He has made significant contributions in these fields as evident by his more than 400 research publications in Journals/Conferences of repute at national and international levels. Dr. Kaushik has also completed several sponsored and consultancy projects from various government and private agencies. He has guided 50 Ph.D. Thesis and 75 M.Tech projects and has authored several books. Dr. Kaushik has also been the Postdoctoral Fellow at Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia, Visiting Professor at LES-IIM-UNAM, Mexico and Madam Curie Visiting Fellow of European Commission, Paris, France. Prof. S.C. Kaushik has recently been coveted with Top Academic Research Performer (First Rank Holder) on all India level in the subject area of Energy for the last 5–10 years research publications citations and H-index basis as per Scopus data reported in NSTMIS-DST(GOI), New Delhi (2015). Dr. S.K. Tyagi is working as Associate Professor at Centre for Energy Studies, I.I.T. Delhi and earlier he was working as Director/Scientist E at Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy, Kapurthala, an autonomous institution of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India. He has also worked as Assistant Professor at SMVDU, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir. Dr. Tyagi has worked as Invited Scientist at Korea Institute of Energy Research, South Korea and as Post Doctoral Fellow at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China during 2002–2008. He has made a significant contribution in R&D activities as evident by more than 150 publications in Journals/Conferences of repute. He has guided five Ph.D. Theses and 10 M.Tech. projects. Dr. Pramod Kumar received Ph.D. degree in the research field of Finite Time Thermodynamics from IIT Delhi in 2003 and continued research work as Post Doctoral Fellow at IIT Delhi in research field of Exergy Analysis. He had earlier completed M.Sc. in Physics, with specialization in Electronics from Meerut University in 1997 and also qualified GATE-98 in Physics and Joint CSIR-UGC NET examination-Dec. 2002 in Physical Sciences. His research areas include Finite Time Thermodynamics, Refrigeration and Airconditioning Systems, Energy and Exergy Analysis. Dr. Kumar joined Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, directly as Scientist ‘C’ in 2005 at Naval College of Engineering, I.N.S. Shivaji, Lonavala, Pune and taught at undergraduate level for about four years. In Aug. 2008, he joined Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL) Delhi and is currently working as Scientist E. He has received Commanding-in-Chief (C-in-C) Award–Commendation by Vice Admiral, Indian Navy for his specific teaching ability. He has also received Technology Group Award three times for his contribution at SSPL Delhi. He is a life member of Solar Energy Society of India. He has made a significant contribution in R&D activities as evident by more than 25 research publications in Journals/Conferences of repute at national and international levels. He has also contributed towards completion of four R&D projects, five technical reports and guided couple of students at M.Tech/B.Tech level. He is expert reviewer in many national/international journals of repute.

Foreword 5
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 10
About the Authors 14
Nomenclature 16
Subscripts 17
Superscripts 18
Greeks 18
Chapter 1: General Introduction and the Concept of Finite Time Thermodynamics 19
1.1 Background 19
1.2 Development of Irreversible Thermodynamics 24
1.3 Concept of Finite Time Thermodynamics 25
1.4 Application of Finite Time Thermodynamics 27
1.5 Conclusion 28
Chapter 2: Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Carnot and Rankine Heat Engines 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Ideal Carnot Cycle 30
2.3 Finite Time Carnot Cycle 32
2.3.1 Infinite Heat Capacity 33
2.3.2 Alternative Derivation of Curzon-Ahlborn Efficiency 36
2.3.3 Finite Heat Capacity 38
2.4 Special Cases 41
2.5 Irreversible Carnot Cycle 42
2.6 Ideal Rankine Cycle 45
2.7 Finite Time Rankine Cycle 45
2.7.1 Alternatively Connected Rankine Cycle 48
2.7.2 Continuously Connected Rankine Cycle 51
2.8 Irreversible Rankine Cycle 52
2.9 Conclusion 54
Chapter 3: Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Brayton Cycle 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Ideal Brayton Cycle 56
3.3 Finite Time Brayton Cycle 59
3.3.1 Infinite Heat Capacity 59
3.3.2 Finite Heat Capacity 61
3.4 Further Modifications in Brayton Cycle 63
3.5 Irreversible Regenerative Brayton Cycle 64
3.6 Discussion of Results 70
3.7 Conclusion 73
Chapter 4: Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Modified Brayton Cycle 74
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Modified Brayton Cycles 75
4.2.1 Intercooled Brayton Cycle 75
4.2.2 Isothermal Brayton Cycle 80
4.2.3 Intercooled Isothermal Brayton Cycle 85
4.3 Discussion of Results 91
4.3.1 Intercooled Brayton Cycle 91
4.3.2 Isothermal Brayton Cycle 93
4.3.3 Intercooled Isothermal Brayton Cycle 96
4.4 Conclusion 100
Chapter 5: Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Complex Brayton Cycle 102
5.1 Introduction 102
5.2 Complex Brayton Cycle 102
5.2.1 Intercooled-Reheat Brayton Cycle 103
5.2.2 Isothermal Intercooled-Reheat Brayton Cycle 107
5.3 Discussion of Results 112
5.3.1 Intercooled-Reheat Brayton Cycle 113
5.3.2 Isothermal Intercooled-Reheat Brayton Cycle 125
5.4 Conclusion 130
Chapter 6: Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Stirling and Ericsson Power Cycles 131
6.1 Introduction 131
6.2 Ideal Stirling Cycle 132
6.3 Ideal Ericsson Cycle 135
6.4 Finite Time Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 137
6.4.1 Finite Heat Capacity 139
6.4.2 Infinite Heat Capacity 143
6.5 Irreversible Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 145
6.6 Discussion of Results 152
6.6.1 Finite Time Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 153
6.6.2 Irreversible Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 162
6.7 Conclusion 164
Chapter 7: Finite Time Thermodynamics of Vapour Compression Refrigeration, Airconditioning and Heat Pump Cycles 165
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 The Reverse Carnot Cycle 167
7.3 Vapour Compression Cycle 169
7.4 Finite Time Vapour Compression Cycle 170
7.4.1 Alternatively Connected Cycle to Thermal Reservoirs 172
7.4.2 Continuously Connected Cycle to Thermal Reservoirs 187
7.5 Modified Vapour Compression Cycle 189
7.6 Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Performance 191
7.7 Discussion of Results 191
7.7.1 Heat Pump Cycle 191
7.7.2 Airconditioning Cycle 195
7.8 Conclusion 196
Chapter 8: Finite Time Thermodynamics of Cascaded Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Cascade Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 198
8.3 Finite Time Cascade Cycles 200
8.3.1 Irreversible Refrigeration Cycle 203
8.3.2 Irreversible Heat Pump Cycle 206
8.4 Discussion of Results 209
8.4.1 Cascaded Refrigeration Cycle 209
8.4.2 Cascaded Heat Pump Cycle 213
8.5 Conclusion 217
Chapter 9: Finite Time Thermodynamics of Rankine Cycle Airconditioning and Heat Pump Cycles 218
9.1 Introduction 218
9.2 Rankine Cycle Airconditioning and Heat Pump Cycles 218
9.3 Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis 220
9.3.1 Rankine Cycle Coupled Airconditioning Cycle 220
9.3.2 Rankine Cycle Coupled Heat Pump Cycle 223
9.4 Discussion of Results 225
9.4.1 Rankine Cycle Coupled Airconditioning Cycle 225
9.4.2 Rankine Cycle Coupled Heat Pump Cycle 229
9.5 Conclusion 232
Chapter 10: Finite Time Thermodynamics of Brayton Refrigeration Cycle 233
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Ideal Brayton Refrigeration Cycle 233
10.3 Finite Time Brayton Refrigeration Cycle 236
10.3.1 Infinite Heat Capacity 237
10.3.2 Finite Heat Capacity 239
10.4 Irreversible Brayton Refrigeration Cycle 242
10.5 Thermoeconomics of Brayton Refrigeration Cycle 246
10.6 Discussion of Results 249
10.7 Conclusion 254
Chapter 11: Finite Time Thermodynamics of Stirling/Ericsson Refrigeration Cycles 255
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Ideal Stirling/Ericsson Refrigeration Cycle 255
11.3 Finite Time Stirling/Ericsson Refrigeration Cycle 258
11.3.1 Infinite Heat Capacity 258
11.3.2 Finite Heat Capacity 262
11.4 Irreversible Stirling/Ericsson Refrigeration Cycle 264
11.4.1 Infinite Heat Capacity 264
11.4.2 Finite Heat Capacity 267
11.4.2.1 Some Special Cases 269
11.5 Discussion of Results 270
11.6 Conclusion 274
Chapter 12: Finite Time Thermodynamics of Vapour Absorption Airconditioning and Heat Pump Cycles 275
12.1 Introduction 275
12.2 Vapour Absorption Cycle 276
12.3 Finite Time Vapour Absorption Cycle 277
12.3.1 Vapour Absorption Airconditioning Cycle 277
12.3.1.1 Generator-Absorber Assembly Analysis 277
12.3.1.2 Evaporator-Condenser Assembly Analysis 279
12.3.2 Vapour Absorption Heat Pump Cycle 281
12.3.2.1 Generator-Absorber Assembly Cycle 281
12.3.2.2 Evaporator-Condenser Assembly Analysis 282
12.4 Results and Discussion 282
12.4.1 Vapour Absorption Airconditioning Cycle 282
12.4.2 Vapour Absorption Heat Pump Cycle 290
12.5 Conclusion 297
Correction to: Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Modified Brayton Cycle 298
Appendices 299
Appendix 1: Natural Maximum Analysis for RAC and HP Systems 299
Appendix 2: Optimization Method: Lagrangian Multiplier Method 301
Finding an Optimum Using Lagrangian Multipliers 302
Typical Approach 302
Appendix 3: Comparative Study of RAC and HP Systems Alternatively and Continuously Connected to Thermal Reservoirs 302
Appendix 4: Entropic Average Temperature and Internal Irreversibility Parameter for VCR Cycle 305
Entropic Average Temperature (Considering Isentropic Compression) 309
Entropic Average Temperature (Considering Non-isentropic Compression) 311
Internal Irreversibility Parameter 313
Appendix 5: Entropic Average Temperature and Internal Irreversibility Parameter for Modified VCR Cycle 316
Entropic Average Temperature for Irreversible VC R/AC and HP System with Liquid-Vapour Heat Exchanger 316
Internal Irreversibility Parameter for Irreversible VC R/AC and HP System with Liquid-Vapour Heat Exchanger 318
Appendix 6: Comparison of Predicted and Reported Experimental Performance 319
Vapour Compression Systems 319
References 323
Index 329