Cancer

Gary S. Stein, PhD, is the Director of the University of Vermont Cancer Center and the Perelman Professor and Chair of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine. He is a Professor of Surgery and the Co-Director of the Northern New England Clinical and Translational Research Network. Kimberly P. Luebbers, MSHS, RN, BSN, OCN, is the Assistant Dean for Clinical Research Administration overseeing the Office of Clinical Trials Research and administration of the Clinical Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine.

List of Contributors ix

Preface xv

Part I: Cancer and the Cancer Experience 1

1 Cancer and the Cancer Experience 3
Gary S. Stein and Kimberly P. Luebbers

Part II: Current Understanding of Cancer Biology 13

2 Cancer Biology and Pathology 15
G. Premveer Reddy, Lekkala V. Reddy, and Sahn‐Ho Kim

3 Causes of Cancer: Genetic, Epigenetic, Viral, Microenvironmental, and Environmental Contributions to Cancer 53
Michaela Reagan

Part III: A Cancer Diagnosis 75

4 Early Warning Signs 77
Solomon A. Graf and F. Marc Stewart

5 Importance of Imaging for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer 89
Kristin DeStigter, Sally Herschorn, Anant Bhave, Benjamin Lange, and Sean Reynolds

6 Cancer Biomarkers 107
Robert H. Getzenberg

7 Molecular Diagnosis 123
Mark F. Evans

Part IV: Navigating the Cancer Experience 145

8 Navigating the Cancer Experience 147
David C. Nalepinski

Part V: Clinical Dimensions to Cancer 167

9 Classification of Tumors, Their Frequency and Progression 169
Richard C. Zieren, Liang Dong, Sarah R. Amend, and Kenneth J. Pienta

10 Cancer Epidemiology: Identifying Cancer Risk 213
Bernard F. Cole, Brian L. Sprague, Thomas P. Ahern, and Judy R. Rees

Part VI: Tumor Types 227

11 Breast Cancer: Unique Characteristics as Targets for Therapy 229
Ogheneruona Apoe, Ted James, Gabriella Szalayova, Amrita Pandit, and Marie E. Wood

12 Prostate Cancer 245
David W. Sobel and Mark K. Plante

13 Gastrointestinal Cancer 259
Kristina Guyton, Baddr Shakhsheer, and Neil Hyman

14 Lung Cancer 271
Farrah B. Khan, C. Matthew Kinsey, and Garth Garrison

15 Pediatric Oncology 285
Jessica L. Heath

16 Leukemia, Lymphoma, and Myeloma 299
Alan Rosmarin

17 GU Oncology: Kidney, Urothelial, and Penile Cancer 317
Scott Perrapato

18 Liver Cancer: Hepatocellular Carcinoma 327
Jennifer LaFemina, Bradley Switzer, and Giles F. Whalen

19 GYN Oncology: Unique Characteristic Targets for Therapy in Gynecologic Cancers 345
Celeste Straight, Leslie Bradford, and Susan Zweizig

20 Testicular Cancer 365
Christopher B. Allard and Michael L. Blute

21 Head and Neck Cancer 379
Kumar G. Prasad, Marion Couch, and Michael Moore

22 Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors 395
Lawrence Recht

23 Thyroid Cancer 415
Frances E. Carr

Part VII: Treatment Options 445

24 Radiation Therapy 447
Thomas J. FitzGerald, Maryann Bishop‐Jodoin, Fran Laurie, Christopher Riberdy, Jesse N. Aronowitz, Elizabeth Bannon, Bruce A. Bornstein, Carla D. Bradford, Harry Bushe, Maria G. Cicchetti, Linda Ding, Jonathan M. Glanzman, David J. Goff, Beth B. Herrick, Jessica R. Hiatt, I‐Lin Kuo, Yuan‐Chyuan Lo, Janaki Moni, Richard S. Pieters, Paul S. Rava, Allison Sacher, Jonathan Saleeby, Shirin Sioshansi, Kenneth Ulin, John M. Varlotto, and Tao Wang

25 Radiation Therapy – The Patient Experience 463
Harold James Wallace, III

26 Pain Management in Cancer 481
Carlos A. Pino

27 Complementary and Alternative Medicine 499
Phil Trabulsy

28 Gene Therapy 531
Mai K. ElMallah, Michael Kalfopolous, and Terence R. Flotte

Part VIII: Patient Resources 553

29 Cancer‐Center‐Based Care 555
George J. Weiner

30 Supportive Care 563
Kathleen McBeth

31 Investigating Cancer Sentiments across Social Media 573
Eric M. Clark, W. Christian Crannell, Jesse Moore, Ted James, Mitchell Norotsky, and Chris A. Jones

Part IX: The Path to Reducing the Cancer Burden: Prevention, Early Detection, Recovery, Survivorship 591

32 Cancer Genetics: Risk Assessment 593
Wendy McKinnon

33 Cancer Prevention: Diet, Nutrition, and Lifestyle 603
Jennifer L. May and Jean R. Harvey

34 Cancer Survivorship 617
David Cranmer

35 The Tools of Advocacy in Cancer Prevention, Early Detection, Recovery, and Treatment 621
Jill Sudhoff‐Guerin

Index 637