Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) Spectroscopy

Sergei A. Dikanov, Yuri Tsvetkov

PRINCIPLES of ESE and ESEEM. INTRODUCTION TO ESEEM PHENOMENON. The ESE Method. Vector Model for Echo Formation. Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation. Qualitative ESEEM Models. INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF NUCLEAR ESEEM. General Quantum Mechanical Calculation of Nuclear ESEEM. Midulation Frequencies and Their Amplitudes. ESEEM Resulting from Coupling with Several Nuclei. ESEEM from a Nucleus with I=1/2. ESEEM Due to hfi with a Nucleus of an Arbitrary Spin. ESEEM for a Triplet State. CHARACTERISTICS OF ESEEM EXPERIMENT. Elements of ESE Spectrometers. Dead Time in ESE Spectroscopy. ESE Resonators. Sensitivity and Time Resolution of ESE Spectroscopy. ESEEM Frequency Analysis. Two-Dimensional (2D) ESEEM Spectroscopy. PARAMAGNETIC CENTERS IN SINGLE CRYSTALS. Radicals and Metal Ions in Single Crystals. Triplet States in Single Crystals. ESEEM RESULTING FROM INTERACTIONS OF ELECTRON SPINS. ESEEM SPECTROSCOPY IN ORIENTATIONALLY DISORDERED SYSTEMS. ESEEM FROM I=1/2 NUCLEI IN TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS. ESEEM in Extremely Weak hfi Limit. Numerical Calculations of ESEEM in the Time Domain for Arbitrary hfi Parameters. The Influence of the Spatial Configuration of Nuclei. The Influence of a Spread in the Nuclear Zeeman Frequency. Lineshapes of the Basic Frequencies a(B) in ESEEM Spectra of Disordered Systems. Comparison with ENDOR. Combination Lines in ESEEM Spectra. Change of the ESEEM Spectra in Multifrequency Experiment. The Map of the Lines Maxima of the Basic and Combination Frequencies. Influence of Spectrometer Dead Time on the ESEEM Spectra of Disordered Systems. ESEEM DUE TO I>1 NUCLEI WITH WEAK NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE INTERACTION. ESEEM Due to Weak Hyperfine Interaction with Nucleus of Arbitrary Spin. The Influence of Weak Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction Upon ESEEM Due to Nuclei of Arbitrary Spin. The Influence of the Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction Due to Deuterium Nuclei in Time Domain. Manifestation of Weak Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction in ESEEM S