Fundamentals of Ionic Liquids (eBook)

Professor Doug MacFarlane leads the Monash Ionic Liquids Group at Monash University. He is currently the holder of an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship. He is also the Program Leader of the Energy Program in the Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science. His group focuses on a range of aspects of ionic liquids and their application in the energy sciences and sustainable chemistry. Professor MacFarlane was a BSc(Hons) graduate of Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand and then undertook his graduate work in the Angell group at Purdue University, Indiana, graduating in 1983. After postdoctoral fellowships in France and New Zealand he took up an academic position at Monash. He has been a Professor of Chemistry at Monash since 1995 and was Head of School 2003-2006. A/Prof Jennifer Pringle is a Senior Research Fellow in the Institute for Frontier Materials at Deakin University, and a chief investigator in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science. She received her degree and PhD at The University of Edinburgh in Scotland before moving to Monash University in Melbourne, Australia in 2002. From 2008-2012 she held an ARC QEII Fellowship, investigating the use of ionic electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells. A/Prof Pringle moved to Deakin University, Melbourne in 2013. There she leads research into the development and use of ionic electrolytes for applications including thermal energy harvesting and solid state lithium batteries. Dr. Mega Kar is a Research Fellow in the Monash Ionic Liquids group. She completed her undergraduate degree with honours at The University of Melbourne in 2008. She then went onto study her doctor of philosophy (PhD) at Monash University in Professor Douglas MacFarlane?s group, which focused on designing novel room-temperature alkoxy-ammonium based ionic liquids as electrolytes for reversible zinc electrochemistry, working towards a rechargeable metal-air battery for energy storage applications. Dr. Kar is currently a Research Fellow at Monash University, lecturing and specializing in IL synthesis and electrochemistry, working on electrodeposition and metal batteries.

INTRODUCTION TO IONIC LIQUIDS
Innovation Through New Materials
What Makes an Ionic Liquid, an "Ionic" Liquid?
What Can These Unique Materials Do - A Brief Overview
How Do We Go about Understanding Ionic Liquids?

STRUCTURE OF IONIC LIQUID FORMING IONS
Crystal Formation and How to Avoid It (Thermodynamics of Solids, Liquids and Melting)
Avoiding Efficient Packing of Ions - Bulky, Rigid and Low Symmetry Ions
Electrostatic Forces and How to Minimize Them (Shielding and Charge Delocalization)
Other Types of Ions (Metal-Based Ions, Polymeric Ions etc.)
Protic Ionic Liquids
Further Reading

STRUCTURE OF IONIC LIQUIDS
Introduction - Evidence for Structuring in Ionic Liquids at Various Length Scales; Ionicity
Experimental Probes of Structure
Simulation Approaches to Understanding Structure
Further Reading

SYNTHESIS OF IONIC LIQUIDS
Introduction
Approaches to Synthesis (Quaternisation/Alkylation, Metathesis, Anion Exchange, Proton Exchange, etc.)
Purification: Challenges and Methods (Halide Impurities, Proton Impurities, etc.; Re-Crystallization, Micro-Filtration, Anion-Exchange Resin, etc.)
Structure and Purity Analysis (NMR, MS, etc.)
Further Reading

PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
Introduction - What Properties are Important?
Thermal Properties (Melting, Liquid crystal Formation, Decomposition)
Transport Properties and their Inter-Relationships (Viscosity, Conductivity, Diffusion, Walden Plot, etc.)
Properties of Ionic Liquid Mixtures
Further Reading

SOLVENT PROPERTIES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS OF IONIC LIQUIDS
Introduction - Solvency, Intermolecular Forces and Polarisability
Synthetic Chemistry in Ionic Liquids - Selected Examples
Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium (Solvent Extraction/Separation, Water/Ionic Liquid Mixing and De-Mixing)
Biomass Dissolution and Processing (Cellulose, Keratin, etc.)
Gas Solubility and Applications (CO2, SO2, O2, etc.)
Further Reading

ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF, AND IN, IONIC LIQUIDS
Introduction
Cyclic Voltammetry (Reference Electrodes, Electrochemical Window, etc.)
Electro-Deposition of Metals
Electrosynthesis in Ionic Liquids
Further Reading

DEVICE APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Batteries (Li-Ion, Metal-Air, etc.)
Fuel Cells
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Supercapacitors
Actuators
Further Reading

BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Biocompatible Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquids from Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Biomolecule Stabilisation (Proteins, DNA, RNA)
Further Reading

CONCLUSIONS/FUTURE DIRECTIONS

APPENDIX
Glossary of Ions, Their Structure and Nomenclature (including acronyms)
Anions
Cations