Functional Metamaterials and Metadevices (eBook)

Preface 1 Concepts from metamaterials to metadevices 1.1 Rationale for metamaterials exploration 1.2 Classification of metamaterials 1.3 Evolution of metamaterials 1.4 Emerging functional metadevices 1.4.1 Reconfigurable and tunable metadevices 1.4.2 Electro-optical metadevices 1.4.3 Liquid-crystal metadevices 1.4.4 Phase-change metadevices 1.4.5 Superconducting metadevices 1.4.6 Ultrafast photonic metadevices 1.4.7 Nonlinear metadevices with varactors 1.4.8 Metadevices driven by electromagnetic forces 1.4.9 Acoustic metadevices 2 Design and fabrication of metamaterials and metadevices  2.1 Common design Approaches for metamaterials 2.1.1 Resonant approach 2.1.2 Transmission line Approach 2.1.3 Hybrid Approach 2.2 General tuning methods for metadevices 2.3 Fabrication technology 2.3.1 Photolithography2.3.2 Shadow mask lithography 2.3.3 Soft lithography 2.3.4 Electron beam lithography 2.3.5 3D metamaterial fabrication techniques 2.4 Tuning techniques 2.4.1 Mechanical tuning 2.4.2 Electromechanical displacements 2.4.3 Lattice displacement 2.4.4 Thermal stimulation 2.4.5 Material tuning      3 Electromagnetic metamaterials and metadevices 3.1 Fundamental theory of electromagnetic metamaterials 3.2 Single negative metamaterials 3.2.1 Metamaterials with negative effective permittivity in the microwave regime 3.2.2 Metamaterials with negative effective permeability in the microwave regime 3.3 Double Negative Metamaterials 3.4 Zero index metamaterials 3.5 Electromagnetic band gap metamaterials 3.5.1 Types of EBG structures 3.5.2 Numerical modeling of EBG 3.5.3 EBG applications 3.6 Bi-isotropic and bi-anisotropic metamaterials 3.7 Microwave metamaterial-inspired metadevices 4 Terahertz metamaterials and metadevices 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Passive-type terahertz metamaterials 4.2.1 Terahertz metamaterials with electric responses 4.2.2 Terahertz metamaterials with magnetic responses 4.2.3 Terahertz metamaterials with negative refractive indices 4.2.4 Broadband terahertz metamaterials 4.3 Active-type terahertz metamaterials 4.3.1 Electrically tunable THz metamaterials 4.3.2 Optically tunable THz metamaterials 4.3.3 Mechanically tunable THz metamaterials 4.4 Flexible THz metamaterial sensors 5 Photonic metamaterials and metadevices 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Photonic crystals 5.2.1 A historical account 5.2.2 Construction of photonic crystals 5.2.3 Applications of photonic crystals 5.3 Metamaterials designed through transformation optics 5.3.1 Metamaterials mimicking celestial mechanics 5.3.2 Metamaterials gradient index lensing 5.3.3 Battlefield applications 5.4 Hyperbolic metamaterials 5.4.1 Hyperbolic media in retrospect 5.4.2 Design and building materials 5.4.3 Photonic hypercrystals 5.4.4 Applications of hyperbolic metamaterials 5.4.4.1 High-resolution imaging and lithography 5.4.4.2 Spontaneous emission engineering 5.4.4.3 Thermal emission engineering 6 Chiral metamaterials and metadevices 6.1 Historical perspective 6.2 Chirality parameter and ellipticity 6.3 Typical chiral metamaterials 6.3.1 Chiral metamaterials with negative refractive index 6.3.2 3D chiral metamaterials 6.3.3 Self-assembled chiral metamaterials 6.3.4 Gyroid metamaterials 6.3.5 Nonlinear chiral metamaterials 6.4 Chiroptical effects 6.4.1. Extrinsic chirality 6.4.2 Superchiral fields 6.5 Typical applications of chiral metamaterials 6.5.1 Chiral metamaterial sensors 6.5.2 Nonlinear optics in chiral metamaterials 6.5.3 Chiral light-matter interactions 6.5.4 Active chiral metamaterials 7 Plasmonic metamaterials and metasurfaces 7.1 Plasmonic meta-atoms and their interactions 7.2 Plasmonic metamaterials implementing negative refraction and negative refractive index 7.3 Plasmonic metasurfaces 7.4 Graphene-based plasmonic metamaterials 7.5 Self-assembled plasmonic metamaterials 7.6 Application perspective 7.6.1 Optical nanocircuits and nanoantennas 7.6.1.1 Optical nanocircuits 7.6.1.2 Optical nanoantennas 7.6.2 Functional metasurfaces 7.6.3 Plasmonic metamaterials for sensing 8 Metamaterials-inspired frequency selective surfaces 8.1 Evolution of frequency selective surfaces 8.2 Design of metamaterial-based miniaturized-element frequency-selective surfaces 8.3 Printed flexible and reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces 8.4 Metamaterials inspired FSS antennas and circuits 8.4.1 Ultra-wideband antennas and microstrip filters 8.4.2 Microstrip antennas with HIS ground plane 8.4.3 Fabry-Pérot antenna 8.5 Metamaterial-inspired microfluidic sensors 8.6 Metamaterial-inspired rotation and displacement sensors 9 Nonlinear metamaterials and metadevices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Implementation approaches to manufacture nonlinear metamaterials 9.2.1 Insertion of nonlinear elements 9.2.2 Nonlinear host medium 9.2.3 Local field enhancement 9.2.4 Nonlinear transmission lines 9.2.5 Intrinsic structural nonlinearity 9.2.6 Nonlinear metamaterials with quantum and superconducting elements 9.3 Nonlinear responses and effects 9.3.1 Nonlinear self-action 9.3.2 Frequency conversion and parametric amplification 9.3.2.1 Harmonic generation 9.3.2.2 Parametric amplification and loss compensation 10 Acoustic metamaterials and metadevices 10.1 Historical perspective and basic principles 10.2 Dynamic negative density and compressibility 10.3 Membrane-type acoustic materials 10.4 Transformation acoustics and metadevices with spatially varying index 10.5 Space-coiling and acoustic metasurfaces 10.6 Acoustic absorption 10.7 Active acoustic metamaterials 10.8 Emerging directions and future trends 10.8.1 Nonlinear acoustic metamaterials 10.8.2 Nonreciprocal acoustic devices 10.8.3 Elastic and mechanical metamaterials 10.8.4 Graphene-inspired acoustic metamaterials 10.8.5 Acoustic metamaterials with characteristics describable by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians 10.8.6 Future trends 11 Mechanical metamaterials and metadevices 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Auxetic mechanical metamaterials 11.2.1 Re-entrant structures 11.2.1.1 Auxetic foam 11.2.1.2 Auxetic honeycomb 11.2.1.3 Three-dimensional re-entrant structures 11.2.1.4 Auxetic microporous polymers 11.2.2 Auxetic chiral structures 11.2.3 Rotating rigid and semi-rigid auxetic structures 11.2.4 Dilational metamaterials 11.2.5 Potential applications of auxetic metamaterials 11.3 Penta-mode metamaterials 11.4 Ultra-property metamaterials 11.5 Negative-parameter metamaterials 11.6 Mechanical metamaterials with tunable negative thermal expansion 11.7 Active, adaptive, and programmable metamaterials 11.8 Origami-based metamaterials 11.9 Mechanical metamaterials as seismic shields 11.10 Future trends 12 Perspective and future trends 12.1 Emerging metamaterials capabilities and new concepts 12.1.1 Virtual photon interactions mediated by metamaterials 12.1.2 Routes to aperiodic and correlation metamaterials 12.1.3 Mathematical operations and processing with structured metamaterials 12.1.4 Topological effects in metamaterials 12.2 Manipulation of metasurface properties 12.2.1 Functionally doped metal oxides for future ultrafast active metamaterials 12.2.2 Optical dielectric metamaterials and metasurfaces 12.2.3 Beam shaping with metasurfaces 12.2.4 Control of emission and absorption with metamaterials 12.2.5 Control of far-field thermal emission properties through the use of photonic structures 12.3 Research trends of nonlinear, active and tunable properties 12.3.1 Engineering mid-infrared and optical nonlinearities with metamaterials 12.3.2 Directional control of nonlinear scattering from metasurfaces 12.3.3 Coherent control in planar photonic metamaterials 12.3.4 Nanomechanical photonic metamaterials 12.4 Emerging metadevices and applications 12.4.1 RF beam steering module with metamaterials electronically scanned array 12.4.2 Smart metamaterial antennas 12.4.3 Energy harvesting enhanced with metamaterials 12.4.3.1 Electromagnetic energy harvesting 12.4.3.2 Photonic crystals-based vibroacoustic energy harvesting 12.4.3.3Acoustic metamaterial-based vibroacoustic energy harvesting 12.4.4 Focus magnetic stimulation 12.4.5 Thermophotovoltaics 12.4.6 Transparent thermal barrier 12.4.7 Passive radiative cooling 12.5 Prospective manufacturing and assembly technologies of metamaterials and metadevices 12.5.1 Nanoparticles for complex multimaterial nanostructures 12.5.2 Eutectics as metamaterials 12.5.3 Large area roll-to-roll processing