Microbial Ecotoxicology (eBook)

Cristiana Cravo-Laureau is Associate Professor in Environmental Microbiology at Pau University (France). She is member of the Institute for Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), a CNRS-UPPA (University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour) joint unit. She earned her Ph.D. in Environmental Science from the Aix-Marseille University (France) in 2003, completed a post-doc at IRD (France) and joined the Pau University in 2004. Her research focuses on microbial ecology and ecotoxicology. She has a special interest in investigating the involvement of microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles and their role in pollutants degradation in marine environments, particularly in coastal sediments. She has expertise in anoxic environments and anaerobic microorganisms, from the community scale to pure strains. In addition to examining natural environments, she develops experimental ecology approaches. Her research also involves the impact of oil pollution on aerobic and anaerobic prokaryotic communities. She has also expanded her research interests to the impact of oxic/anoxic oscillations on microbial communities and organic-pollutants degradation. Robert Duran is Professor in Environmental Molecular Microbiology at Pau University (France). He is member of the Institute for Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), a CNRS-UPPA (University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour) joint unit. He received a PhD in Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology from Montpellier University (France) and completed his post-doc at Tokyo University (Japan) before joining Pau University. He has been working in environmental microbiology and molecular microbiology research for 20 years. Prof. Duran has been a member of several scientific board committees and he is presently editor for Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Springer). He has successfully completed more than 20 projects focusing on microbial ecology and diversity, with an emphasis on extreme, polluted, and estuarine and coastal ecosystems. His main research objectives are to understand the impact of pollutants on microbial communities and, in turn, to characterize the role of microorganisms in determining the fate of pollutants. Relevant recent discoveries include the characterization of the taxonomic and functional microbial-diversity in extreme and contaminated ecosystems; the behavior of sulfate reducing bacteria populations in acid mine drainage and microbial mats according to the fluctuation of environmental parameters; the diversity of ring hydroxylating dioxygenases in polluted microbial mats and the organization of hydrocarbon-degrading prokaryotic communities in mudflat sediments. Christine Cagnon is Associate Professor in Environmental Molecular Microbiology at Pau University (France). She is member of the Institute for Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), a CNRS-UPPA (University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour) joint unit. She received a PhD in Microbiology from the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA) in Toulouse (France) and completed her post-doc at the Protein Engineering Research Institute (PERI) in Osaka (Japan) before joining Pau University. She first applied her expertise in molecular biology, bacterial genetics and biochemistry to protein engineering. At Pau University she developed research on the molecular responses of organisms to chemical stresses with special reference to community structure, molecular markers and genomic plasticity. For the past 11 years she has focused on bacterial community adaptation process and on the implications of mobile genetic elements. She particularly focuses on integrons and has recently highlighted the relation between environmental integron diversity and pollution in natural environments. Dr. Béatrice Lauga completed a PhD in Plant Biology and Genetics at the University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, France. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the ICAPB (Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology) in Profs B. and D. Charlesworth’s Lab, Scotland and then at the University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour where she started working with microbes in the environment. She is now Professor of Microbial Ecology at the University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour and head of the PREMICE platform (a core facility dedicated to the investigation of microbial diversity). Her research interests focus on patterns of microbial diversity with special emphasis on its role on the functioning of ecosystems, investigating both taxonomic and functional diversities. She explores a variety of environments to unravel forces that shape the assemblage of microorganisms and the structure of natural microbial communities. Most the environments she studies are imprinted by contaminants originating from anthropogenic activities. She has developed a range of tools and methods to investigate highly contaminated or complex samples. Her approaches are clearly influenced by her past experience in population genetics and their links to community ecology. As an example, she has recently deciphered the role of dispersal versus local contamination on community assembly in acid mine drainages and in tropical rivers highly contaminated with pesticides.

1.    INTRODUCTION a.    Pollution History (by Charles-François Mathis, Université de Bordeaux, France) b.    From Microbial Ecology to Microbial Ecotoxicology (by Andy Ball, RMIT University, Australia)   2.    Inter-disciplinary in microbial ecotoxicology (by Philippe Garrigues; Directeur de l’Institut des Sciences Moléculaires – Bordeaux, France)   3.    Ecosystemic services (provided by microbial communities)   Case study: a.     Hyporheic rehabilitation in rivers (by Jose Miguel Sanchez; Research Director, ECOLAB UMR 5245 CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France)   4.    Microbial responses to pollution - Ecotoxicology Introducing the different biological levels (by Cravo-Laureau, Lauga, Cagnon & Duran ; Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, France)   5.    Metabolic responses Concepts (by Ji Dong GU, University of Hong Kong, China)   6.    Genetic adaptation Concepts (by Patricia Sobecky; Professor and Associate Provost for Academic Affairs - University of Alabama, USA)   Case study (by William Hickey; University of Wisconsin Madison, USA)   7.    Microbial community response Diversity - function relationships (by Emma Johnston and Katherine Dafforn, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW, Australia)   Case study (by Anna Koukkou, Elpiniki Vandera, Eugenia Karabika, - University of Ioannina Department of Chemistry Ioánnina, Greece)  8.    Ecological indicators of ecosystem recovery Continental and marine environments (by Jean-François Ghiglione – UMPC Banuyls Stephane Pesce IRSTEA Lyon & Fabrice Martin-Laurent INRA Dijon, France)   9.    Microbial Biomarkers Concept of biomarkers– tools for microbial ecotoxicology (by Helena Guash; Universitat de Girona, Spain)   10. Microbial Biosensors Concept of biosensors – tools for microbial ecotoxicology (by Gerald Thouand; laboratoire de Génie des procédés – environnement – agro-alimentaire- GEPEA, Nantes, France)   Case study: a.    Metals (by Juan Carlos Gutiérrez; Universidad de Madrid, Spain)   11. Microbial Ecotoxicology: Looking to the Future (by Sergi Sabater, Univ. Girona - Insititute of Aquatic Ecology, GRECO, Spain)