Catalysis for Green Energy and Technology (eBook)

Contents 6
1 Design of Catalysts, Characterization, Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions, Deactivation/Regeneration 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Variation of Catalysis Types 10
1.3 Catalysis: A Scientific Discipline 11
1.3.1 Importance of Catalysis in Industrial Application 11
1.3.2 A Brief Chronical of Catalysis 12
1.3.3 Principle of Active Sites of Catalyst 13
1.3.4 Catalysis Surface Coordination Chemistry 14
1.4 Catalysis Modifiers and Promoters 14
1.5 Catalyst Active Phase—Support Interactions 15
1.6 Abstraction of Catalyst Shape-Selectivity 16
1.6.1 The Fundamental of Catalytic Cycle 16
1.6.2 Reaction Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Cycle 17
1.6.3 Generation of Solid Catalysts 17
1.7 Solid Catalysts Classification 17
1.7.1 Unsupported Catalysts 18
1.7.1.1 Simple Binary Oxides of Catalyst 18
1.7.1.2 Catalyst Complex of Multicomponent Oxides 20
1.7.1.3 Metals and Metal Alloys 21
1.7.1.4 Carbides and Nitrides 22
1.7.1.5 Carbons 22
1.7.1.6 Composition of Metal–Organic 22
1.7.2 Supported Catalysts 22
1.7.2.1 Supports 23
1.7.2.2 Coated Catalysts 23
1.8 Fashioning of Catalysts 23
1.8.1 Unsupported Catalysts 23
1.8.2 Supported Catalysts 24
1.9 Characterization of Catalyst 25
1.9.1 Physical Properties 25
1.9.1.1 Specific Surface Area and Porosity 25
1.9.1.2 Size of Particles and Dispersion 26
1.9.1.3 Structural and Morphology 26
1.9.2 Chemical Properties 27
1.9.2.1 Catalyst Surface Chemical Composition 27
1.9.2.2 Acidity and Basicity 28
1.10 Deactivation of Catalyst 28
1.11 Regeneration of Catalyst 29
References 29
2 Design of Fuel Cells and Reactors, Estimation of Process Parameters, Their Modelling and Optimization 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Drawback in Fuel Cell Power Systems 35
2.3 Design of Fuel Cells and Reactors 35
2.4 Estimation of Process Parameters in Fuel Cells 37
2.5 Modelling and Optimization for Fuel Cells 40
2.5.1 Catalytic Partial Oxidation (CPO) 40
2.5.2 Water Gas Shift (WGS) 42
2.5.3 Catalytic Preferential Oxidation (PrOx) 42
References 43
3 Catalysis in Fuel Cells (PEMC, SOFC) 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Theory of Fuel Cell 46
3.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 48
3.3.1 Properties of PEM Fuel Cell 49
3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of PEM Fuel Cell 50
3.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 50
3.4.1 The Properties of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 50
3.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 51
3.5 Fuel Cell Efficiency, ? 52
3.5.1 Support Materials for PEMFC 53
3.5.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers 54
3.5.1.2 Mesoporous Carbon 56
3.5.1.3 Conductive Diamonds 57
3.5.1.4 Conductive Oxides 58
3.5.1.5 Titanium Oxides (TiyOx) 58
3.5.1.6 Tungsten Oxides (WOy) 59
3.5.1.7 Carbides 60
3.6 Conclusion 61
References 62
4 Hydrogen Energy in General 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 The Limitations 68
4.3 Construction of Carbon Footmark 68
4.4 Why Hydrogen and Fuel Cells? 69
4.5 Fuel Cells 70
4.5.1 Types of Fuel Cells 71
4.5.1.1 PEMFCs (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells) 71
4.5.1.2 SOFCs (Solid Oxide Fuel Cells) 71
4.5.1.3 MCFCs (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells) 72
4.5.1.4 PAFCs (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells) 72
4.6 Energy Security and Its Supply 72
4.6.1 Economic Competitiveness 73
4.6.2 Improvement of Health and Air Quality 73
4.6.3 Alleviation of Greenhouse Gas 73
4.7 Hydrogen 74
4.7.1 Hydrogen Heat Technologies 74
4.7.2 Production of Hydrogen 74
4.7.3 The Advantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells 75
4.8 Pathways of Heat Decarburization 75
References 76
5 Catalysis in Production of Syngas, Hydrogen and Biofuels 78
5.1 Introduction 78
5.2 Catalysis in Production of Syngas 79
5.2.1 Steam Reforming (SR) 81
5.2.2 Partial Oxidation (POx) 82
5.2.2.1 The Non-catalytic Partial Oxidation (POx) 83
5.2.2.2 The Short Contact Time—Catalytic Partial Oxidation (SCT-CPO) 83
5.2.3 Auto Thermal Reforming (ATR) 84
5.3 Catalysis in Production of Hydrogen 85
5.4 Catalysis in Production of Biofuels 89
5.4.1 Biochemical Processes 89
5.4.2 Chemical Catalysts 90
5.5 Application of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in Biomass to Liquid Conversion 92
References 94
6 Biodiesel and Green Diesel Production, Upgrading of Fats and Oils from Renewable Sources 97
6.1 Biodiesel Production 97
6.2 Green Diesel Production 100
6.2.1 Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) for Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD) 101
6.2.2 Decarboxylation of Fatty Acids 103
6.3 Fats and Oils from Renewable Sources 105
6.4 Catalytic Upgrading of Fats and Oils from Renewable Sources 110
6.4.1 Homogeneous Trans-esterification Catalysts 110
6.4.2 Heterogeneous Trans-esterification Catalysts 111
6.4.3 Novel Energy Sources (Microwaves) for Trans-esterification 116
References 116
7 Catalytic Upgrading of Glycerol, Conversion of Biomass Derived Carbohydrates to Fuels and Catalysis in Depolymerization of Lignin 119
7.1 Catalytic Upgrading of Glycerol 119
7.1.1 Supported Ni Catalysts 123
7.1.2 Supported Pt, Rh, and Ru Catalysts 124
7.2 Conversion of Biomass Derived Carbohydrates to Fuels 128
7.3 Catalysis in Depolymerisation of Lignin 132
References 137
8 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass 146
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 Catalysts for Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis 147
8.2.1 Basic Catalysts 147
8.2.2 Microporous Acidic Catalysts 149
8.2.3 Mesoporous Acidic Catalysts 154
References 157
9 Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil: Biomass Gasification in the Presence of Catalysts 160
9.1 Introduction 160
9.2 Bio-oil 161
9.2.1 Bio-oil Upgrading—General Considerations 162
9.3 Hydrodeoxygenation 164
9.3.1 Catalysts and Reaction Mechanisms 166
9.3.2 Supports 170
9.3.3 Deactivation 171
9.4 Catalysts and Reaction Mechanisms 172
9.5 Prospect of Catalytic Bio-oil Upgrading 173
References 176
10 Production of Renewable Hydrogen Liquid Transportation Fuels (BTL)
10.1 Introduction 182
10.2 Catalytic Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Transportation Fuels 184
10.3 Production of Renewable Hydrogen 187
10.3.1 Steam Methane Reforming 187
10.3.2 Gasification of Coal and Other Hydrocarbons 188
10.3.3 Electrolysis of Water 189
10.3.4 Hydrogen from Biomass 190
10.3.5 High Temperature Fuel Cells 190
10.3.6 Other Methods of Hydrogen Production 191
References 191
11 Catalytic Transformation of CO2 to Fuels 195
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 CO2 Emissions in Biorefinery 197
11.3 Current Uses of CO2 Emissions in Ethanol Production by Fermentation Plants 199
11.4 Composition of CO2 Emissions in Ethanol Plants 199
11.5 Options for Using CO2 Emissions in Ethanol Plants 200
11.6 CO2 to Valorise Waste and Produce High-Value-Added Chemicals 203
11.7 Catalytic Conversion of CO2 205
11.7.1 New Aspects in the Synthesis of Methanol from CO2 205
11.7.2 DME from CO2 207
11.8 Conclusions 208
References 209