Exploring the Marine Ecology from Space (eBook)

Preface 6
References 10
Acknowledgments 12
Contents 13
About the Authors 16
Abbreviation and Symbols 19
List of Figures 23
List of Tables 33
1 Methodological Approaches 35
1.1 Specificity of Marine Waters as Optical Media 35
1.2 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Retrieval of Water Quality Parameters 37
1.2.1 Case II Waters 37
1.2.1.1 The BOREALI Algorithm 37
1.2.1.2 The Neural Network (NN) Algorithm 38
1.2.2 Case I Waters 40
1.3 Practicalities of Hydro-Optical Model Development 40
1.4 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Retrieval of Primary Production 43
1.5 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Identification of Harmful/Nuisance Algal Blooms 44
1.5.1 Emiliania huxleyi Blooms 44
1.5.2 Lepidodinium chlorophorum Blooms 44
1.5.2.1 Modified NN Algorithm 45
1.6 Methodology for Objective Zonation of Aquatic Environments 45
1.6.1 Water Quality Retrieval Algorithm 45
1.6.2 Algorithm for the Estimation of Light Availability at the Bottom 47
1.6.3 Gap Filling Using Interpolation 49
1.6.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 49
1.6.5 Cluster Analysis of Principal Components 50
1.6.6 Vectorization of the Raster Zone Map 50
1.7 Algorithms and Hydro-Optical Models for the Retrieval of Complementary Data: Wind Speed and Direction, SST, ICE and Cloudiness 50
1.7.1 SST Retrieval Technique 51
1.7.2 Cloudiness Screening and Filtering 52
References 53
2 Investigations of the Water Body Biogeochemistry and Phytoplankton Biomass Variability in Time and Space 56
2.1 Atlantic Ocean 56
2.1.1 Bay of Biscay 56
2.1.1.1 General Characteristics 56
2.1.1.2 Remote Sensing Observations 58
2.1.2 Adriatic Sea 65
2.1.2.1 General Characteristics 65
2.1.2.2 Adriatic Sea: Ecological Challenges 69
2.1.2.3 Satellite Data 70
2.1.2.4 Unsupervised Classification of the First 5 Principal Components 71
2.1.2.5 Dynamics of Water Quality Parameters in the Identified Zones 72
Western Coast 74
Zones of Group I on the Western Coast 74
Zones of Group II on the Western Coast 77
Eastern Coast 78
Zones of Group I on the Eastern Coast 78
Zones of Group II on the Eastern Coast 79
Coccolithophores 79
2.2 Arctic Ocean 80
2.2.1 White Sea 80
2.2.1.1 General Characteristics 80
2.2.1.2 Remote Sensing Observations 84
2.2.2 Kara Sea 90
2.2.2.1 General Characteristics 90
2.2.2.2 Remote Sensing Observations of the Biogeochemical Features in the Kara Sea 92
Quantitative Assessment of doc Fluxes 100
Assessment of the Allochthonous and Autochthonous Components of the Total doc Flux 107
2.2.3 Barents Sea 108
2.2.3.1 General Characteristics 108
2.2.3.2 Cyclones and Phytoplankton and SST Variability in Time and Space 111
2.2.3.3 A Concise Overview of Previous Studies 111
2.2.3.4 Remote Sensing Observations 113
References 121
3 Investigation of Harmful/Nuisance Algae Blooms in Marine Environments 128
3.1 Green Dinoflagellates 128
3.1.1 Atlantic Ocean 128
3.1.1.1 English Channel and Bay of Biscay 128
3.2 Coccolithophores 130
3.2.1 Atlantic Ocean 131
3.2.1.1 Bay of Biscay and English Channel 131
3.2.1.2 The North Sea (Co-authored by D. Kondrik) 138
General Characteristics 138
Remote Sensing Observations 139
3.2.1.3 Black Sea 142
General Characteristics 142
Remote Sensing Observations 145
3.2.2 Arctic Ocean 148
3.2.2.1 Barents, Greenland and North Norwegian Seas (Co-authored by D. Kondrik) 148
General Characteristics 148
Remote Sensing Observations 150
3.2.3 Pacific Ocean 157
3.2.3.1 Bering Sea (Co-authored by D. Kondrik) 157
General Characteristics 157
Remote Sensing Observations of E. huxleyi Blooms Over the Time Period 1998–2013 159
3.3 Raphidophytes 161
3.3.1 Atlantic Ocean 161
3.3.1.1 Chattonella/Pseudochattonella spp. 161
3.4 Haptophytes 167
3.4.1 Atlantic Ocean 167
3.4.1.1 Chrysochromulina polylepis 167
References 171
4 Investigations of the Primary Production Dynamics in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans 174
4.1 Arctic Ocean 174
4.1.1 Basin and Peripheral Seas: Baffin Bay, and Greenland, Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East-Siberian Seas 174
4.1.1.1 Introduction 174
4.1.1.2 Investigation of Multi-year PP Trends in the Pelagic Ice-Free Zone in the Arctic Basin 177
4.1.1.3 Investigation of Multi-year PP Trends in the Ice-Free Shelf Zone 180
4.1.1.4 Assessment of the Phytoplankton Productivity Trend in the Ice-Free Arctic Basin Prior to 1998 182
References 188
5 Numerical Modeling of the Marine Ecosystem 190
5.1 Arctic Ocean 190
5.1.1 White Sea 190
5.1.1.1 A Concise Description of the IO RAS-AARI Model 190
Numerical Modeling Results 195
5.1.1.2 Kara Sea 205
5.1.1.3 Adjustment of the Model to the Kara Sea Conditions 205
5.1.1.4 Simulation Results 206
5.2 Atlantic Ocean 209
5.2.1 A Concise Description of the Numerical Model 209
5.2.2 Norwegian and North Seas 210
5.2.2.1 Harmful Algae 212
Chattonella/Pseudochattonella Bloom Simulations 215
References 219
6 Automatic System for a Synergistic Processing of Satellite Data 221
6.1 NANSAT + Threads Server Profile. Server’s Accessibility and Its Role in the Norwegian Environmental Monitoring Service 221
6.1.1 Introduction 221
6.1.2 Nansat: Scientific Python Toolbox for Geospatial Data Analysis 222
6.1.3 Nansat Functional Structure 223
6.1.4 Nansat Package Structure 227
6.1.5 Nansat Quality Control 227
6.1.6 Reuse Potential 228
6.1.7 An Everyday Life Example 228
6.1.8 Fusion of Sea Surface Salinity and Water Leaving Reflectance Compared to Surface Current 230
References 233
Afterword 234
About the Two Nansen Centres 238
Blub 241
References 242