Advances in Cartography and GIScience (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Scientific Program Committee 9
Contents 12
The Span of Cartography 16
1 Cartographic Memory Preservation of the Petrópolis City in Brazil: Koeler Map Scanning Using Photographic Survey 17
Abstract 17
1 Introduction 18
2 Materials and Methods 21
3 Results and Discussion 24
4 Conclusions 32
Acknowledgements 32
References 32
2 Location Spoofing in a Location-Based Game: A Case Study of Pokémon Go 34
Abstract 34
1 Introduction 35
2 Related Works 35
2.1 Location-Based Game 36
2.2 Actor-Network Theory 36
3 Location Spoofing in Pokémon Go 37
4 Technical Nuisance or Intentional Plot? 39
5 Generative Mechanisms for Spoofing 40
5.1 Uneven Distribution of Pokémons 40
5.2 Individual Motivations 42
6 Concluding Remarks 44
References 44
Crowdsourcing and Data 46
3 Educational Aspects of Crowdsourced Noise Mapping 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 48
1.1 The Study Area 49
2 Method 50
2.1 Project Planning, Database Modelling and Fieldwork 50
2.2 Data Processing and Analyses 50
2.3 Visualization 51
3 Results 53
4 Conclusion 57
Acknowledgements 57
References 57
4 Crowd and Community Sourced Data Quality Assessment 59
Abstract 59
1 Introduction 59
2 State of the Art 60
3 Report Platform Description 61
4 Reports Reliability Assessment Methodology 62
4.1 Data Quality Assessment Workflow 62
4.2 Data Quality Indicators 63
5 Reports Description and Results 64
5.1 Reports Data Description 64
5.2 Contributors Description 66
5.3 Topographic Database 67
5.4 Reliability Assessment Results 68
6 Conclusions 70
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
5 Crowdsourcing Mapping and Participatory Planning Support System: Case Study of Brno, Czechia 73
Abstract 73
1 Introduction 73
2 Methods, Case Study Location and Data 74
3 Results 77
3.1 Demographics of the Respondents 77
3.2 Spatial Distribution of Marked Points 78
3.3 Why Were Certain Locations Marked? 79
4 Conclusions 82
Acknowledgements 82
References 83
6 A Framework for Enhancing Real-Time Social Media Data to Improve the Disaster Management Process 86
Abstract 86
1 Introduction 87
2 Social Media in Relation with Disaster Management 88
3 Proposed Research Framework 89
3.1 Designed Web User API Component 90
3.2 Social Media System Component 91
3.2.1 Data Capture 91
3.2.2 Verification 93
3.2.3 Language Recognition 93
3.2.4 Metadata Extraction 93
3.2.5 Geotagging 94
3.2.6 Text Classification 94
4 Conclusion 94
References 95
7 Building a Real-Time Geo-Targeted Event Observation (Geo) Viewer for Disaster Management and Situation Awareness 96
Abstract 96
1 Introduction 97
2 The Design of GeoViewer System Architecture 99
3 User Interface Design and Key Functions 100
3.1 Real-Time Display of Geo-Tagged Tweets 101
3.2 Interactive Mapping Functions for Geovisualization 102
3.3 Spatial, Text, and Temporal Search 103
3.4 Labeling and Text-Tagging Function 104
4 Nepal Earthquake Case Study 105
5 Conclusion 107
Acknowledgements 108
References 108
8 The Academic SDI—Towards Understanding Spatial Data Infrastructures for Research and Education 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction 112
2 Demand for SDIs at Universities and Research Institutes 112
3 The ICA’s SDI Model 113
4 SDI Implementations at Universities and Research Institutes 114
4.1 University of Twente, The Netherlands 114
4.2 University of Groningen, the Netherlands 114
4.3 VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, Czechia 116
4.4 CSIR, South Africa 117
4.5 Research Centre for Sustainable Urban Development (CEDEUS), Chile 117
4.6 University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Johannesburg, South Africa 118
4.7 Academic Geo Hub Platform, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Poland) 119
5 The Academic SDI 120
6 Discussion and Conclusion 122
Acknowledgements 123
References 123
Map Design 125
9 Introducing Leader Lines into Scale-Aware Consistent Labeling 126
Abstract 126
1 Introduction 126
2 Related Work 129
2.1 Static Map Labeling 129
2.2 Dynamic Map Labeling 129
3 Design Principles for Label Placement 130
4 Consistent Label Placement with Leader Lines 132
4.1 Genetic-Based Optimization of Active Ranges 132
4.2 Occlusion-Free Placement of Labels and Leader Lines 133
4.3 Fitness Evaluation of the Label Placement 133
5 Results 134
6 Conclusion and Future Work 137
Acknowledgements 138
References 138
10 On the Way to Create Individualized Cartographic Images for Online Maps Using Free and Open Source Tools 140
Abstract 140
1 Introduction 141
2 Data Sources 142
3 Processing the OpenStreetMap Data 143
4 Creating Different Cartographic Images 145
5 Setting Up Maps Online 150
6 Discussion 150
Acknowledgements 151
References 151
11 Hebrus Valles—The Mars Exploration Zone Map 154
Abstract 154
1 Introduction—Basic Information About Hebrus Valles 155
2 Motivation and Goals 155
3 Exploration Zone Criteria 156
4 Exploration Zone Map Symbology 156
5 Paths (Traverses) 159
6 Hebrus Valles Exploration Zone Map Detailed Description 159
7 Creation of the Map, Methodology 161
8 Map Format and Adapting to New Technologies 163
9 Summary 165
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
12 XY Domain: A Sound Map Artwork for Communicating Big Data Characteristics 168
Abstract 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Background 170
2.1 Transduction, Energy and Humans 170
2.2 Big Data, Cartography and Art 171
2.3 Cartography and Sound 172
3 Context and Construction 173
3.1 Context 173
3.2 Idea Development 173
3.3 Construction of the Sound Map 175
3.4 Construction of the Visual Map 176
4 Explanation and Reaction 177
5 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgements 180
References 180
13 Reproducible Cartography 182
Abstract 182
1 Introduction 182
2 From GUI to Script 183
2.1 A Step Backward? 183
2.2 R as a Go-To Tool for Integrated Analysis 184
3 The Cartography Package 185
3.1 Design 185
3.2 Main Features 186
4 Conclusion 191
References 192
Evaluating Map Quality 193
14 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Using Different Types of Rectangular Treemap as Diagrams in Cartography 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 195
2 Treemap: A Brief Review 195
3 Data Types Represented by Treemaps 197
4 User Study Design 197
4.1 Visual Tasks for Treemap Cartography 198
4.2 Questionnaire Design 199
4.2.1 Dataset and Test Material 199
4.2.2 Questions 201
4.3 Procedure 203
4.4 Subjects 204
5 Results and Discussion 205
6 Conclusion 211
Acknowledgements 212
References 212
15 The Usability of a GeoVisual Analytics Environment for the Exploration and Analysis of Different Datasets 214
Abstract 214
1 Introduction 215
2 Usability of GeoVisual Analytics Environments 215
3 Experiment Design 216
3.1 The Use Case Studies 216
3.2 Experimental GVA Environment 217
3.3 User Tasks 219
3.4 Test Participants 220
3.5 Experiment 220
4 Results 220
4.1 Locate the Map 221
4.2 Identify Time 222
4.3 Compare Differences 223
4.4 Characterize Change 223
4.5 User Satisfaction 224
4.6 Task Performance 224
4.7 Use of the Visual Representations in the GVA Environment 226
5 Conclusions 227
References 227
16 Characterizing Maps from Visual Properties 229
Abstract 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Approach to Make Custom-Made Maps 231
3 Visual Properties of Sample Maps 232
4 Test Protocol 233
4.1 Research Hypotheses About Database Design and Test 233
4.2 Sample Map Database 233
4.3 Implementation of the Test 234
5 Characterizing Maps with Visual Properties from the User Test 234
5.1 Typical Property per Map 234
5.2 Extreme Property(-ies) per Map 235
5.3 Unanimous Property(-ies) per Map 236
6 Analysis of Visual Properties Through Statistical Features 236
6.1 Statistical Feature: Typical 236
6.2 Statistical Feature: Extreme 237
6.3 Statistical Feature: Unanimous 239
6.4 Correlations Among Properties and Among Statistical Features 240
7 Exploring and Increasing the Sample Map Database 241
8 Conclusions and Perspectives 242
References 243
17 How Hard Is It to Design Maps for Beginners, Intermediates and Experts? 245
Abstract 245
1 Introduction 246
2 Thoughts of the Map Maker and the Map Reader 246
3 What Questions Can Be Answered with the Experiment? 247
4 Categorization of Map Readers 248
5 Differently Designed Cartographic Images and the Test Questions 248
6 Database—Sampling and Weighting 253
7 Proportion of Good Answers 253
8 Completion Time 255
9 Map Scale 256
10 Summary 257
Acknowledgements 258
References 258
18 Interaction Problems Found Through Usability Testing on Interactive Maps 260
Abstract 260
1 Introduction 260
2 Theoretical References 261
2.1 Interactive Maps 261
2.2 Usability and Evaluation of Interfaces 262
3 Methodology 263
3.1 Participants 263
3.2 Stimuli and Apparatus 263
3.3 Procedures 264
4 Results and Discussion 266
5 Conclusions 271
References 272
19 The Apprehension of Overlaid Information in a Web Map 274
Abstract 274
1 Introduction 274
2 Background and Related Work 275
3 Web-Based Experiment 277
4 Results 280
5 Discussion and Conclusions 283
References 285
20 Visualization of Environment-related Information in Augmented Reality: Analysis of User Needs 287
Abstract 287
1 Introduction 288
2 Background 288
3 Methods 290
4 Results 290
4.1 General Background 291
4.2 Areas of Application of Augmented Reality in Paragliding 291
4.3 User Test 293
5 Discussion 294
6 Conclusions 294
Acknowledgements 295
References 295
Geographic Analysis 297
21 Analysis and Visualization of the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index in China 298
Abstract 298
1 Introduction 299
2 Research Region and Data Sources 299
3 Research Method 299
3.1 Analysis of the Current Situation 299
3.2 Analysis of Regional Disparities 300
3.3 Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Variations 301
3.3.1 Analysis of the Temporal Variation 301
3.3.2 Average Annual Growth Rate 301
3.4 Analysis of Indicator Correlations 302
4 Analysis and Expression 303
4.1 Current Situation of the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index 303
4.2 Regional Disparities in the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index 304
4.2.1 Multi-level Disparities 304
4.2.2 Between-Province Disparities 305
4.2.3 Within-Province Disparities 305
4.3 Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Changes in the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index 306
4.3.1 Temporal Changes 306
4.3.2 Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution of the Annual Growth Rate 307
4.4 Correlation Analysis of Indicators 307
5 Conclusions 309
Acknowledgements 310
22 Displaying Voter Gains and Losses: Local Government Elections in South Africa for 2011 and 2016 311
Abstract 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Mapping Political Voting Results 312
3 Methodology 315
3.1 Cartograms 315
3.2 Three-Dimensional (3D) Mapping 316
3.3 Thematic Map Combined with Cartogram 317
4 Discussions 318
5 Conclusions 323
Acknowledgements 324
References 324
23 Mapping Community Vulnerability to Poaching: A Whole-of-Society Approach 326
Abstract 326
1 Introduction 327
2 Whole-of-Society 327
3 Drivers of Vulnerability to Becoming Involved in Wildlife Crime 331
4 Methodology 332
5 Results and Discussions 334
5.1 The Four Groups 336
5.2 The Socio-Economic Indicators 336
5.3 Crime Risk Indicators 338
6 Conclusions and Future Research 339
Acknowledgements 340
References 340
24 Mapping Urban Landscapes Along Streets Using Google Street View 342
Abstract 342
1 Introduction 343
2 Google Street View (GSV) Data Collection 344
2.1 Collecting Static GSV Images 344
2.2 Collecting GSV Panoramas 344
3 Urban Landscape Quantification and Mapping 346
3.1 Mapping the Visibility of Street Greenery 346
3.2 Mapping the Openness of Street Canyons 349
4 Discussion and Conclusions 353
References 355
Numerical Analysis 358
25 Cross-Scale Analysis of Sub-pixel Variations in Digital Elevation Models 359
Abstract 359
1 Introduction 360
2 Dataset and Study Area 361
3 Methods 362
3.1 Interpolation Methods 363
3.2 Contiguity Configuration 366
3.3 Workflow and Processing 367
3.4 Accuracy Assessment 367
4 Results and Discussion 368
4.1 Analysis of Residuals 368
4.2 Optimal Configuration for Weighted Average Interpolator 369
4.3 Optimal Configuration for Best Fitting Polynomials 370
4.4 Comparing Surface-Adjusted Elevations with the Rigid Pixel Paradigm 371
5 Summary 372
Acknowledgements 372
References 372
26 Extraction of Ridge Lines from Grid DEMs with the Steepest Ascent Method Based on Constrained Direction 374
Abstract 374
1 Introduction 375
2 Related Works 376
2.1 The Steepest Ascent Method 376
2.2 The Method of Overland Flow Simulation 376
3 The Steepest Ascent Method Based on Constrained Direction (SAMBCD) 377
3.1 The Algorithm of SAMBCD 377
3.2 The Implementation of SAMBCD 378
3.2.1 The Major Ridge Lines 378
3.2.2 The Minor Ridge Lines 381
4 Comparison and Analysis 382
5 Conclusion 384
Acknowledgements 385
References 385
Using the A Algorithm to Find Optimal Sequences for Area Aggregation 387
1 Introduction 387
2 Preliminaries 389
3 Using the A Algorithm 391
3.1 Formalizing Area Aggregation as a Pathfinding Problem 391
3.2 Cost Functions 391
3.3 Estimating the Cost of Type Change 393
3.4 Estimating the Cost of Shape 394
3.5 Overestimation 396
3.6 Integrating Aggregation Sequences of Different Regions 396
4 Case Study 396
5 Conclusions 401
References 402
28 Quantitative Expressions of Spatial Similarity in Multi-scale Map Spaces 403
Abstract 403
1 Origination and Significance 404
2 Literature Review: Features of Similarity Relations 406
2.1 Similarity Relations in Computer Sciences 406
2.2 Similarity Relations in Psychology 407
2.3 Similarity Relations in Geography 408
3 Features and Their Mathematical Expressions 409
4 Conclusions 412
Acknowledgements 412
References 412
29 Balanced Allocation of Multi-criteria Geographic Areas by a Genetic Algorithm 415
Abstract 415
1 Introduction 416
2 Territory Design by a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm 417
2.1 Usability of Graphs in Order to Simulate the Problem 417
2.2 Mapping the Territory Design Problem into a Graph Model 417
2.3 The Core of the GA 419
3 Case Study: Sales Territory Planning 421
4 Results 422
5 Tuning of the GA Parameters 423
6 Location-Allocation and Initializing the Territories 423
6.1 Evaluating the Balance of Workload 425
6.2 Evaluating the Travel Time Improvement 428
6.3 Evaluating the Contiguity and Compactness 429
7 Conclusions 429
Acknowledgements 430
References 430
30 Rethinking the Buffering Approach for Assessing OpenStreetMap Positional Accuracy 432
Abstract 432
1 Introduction 432
2 Theoretical Analysis of the Buffering Approach 434
2.1 Principles of the Buffering Approach 434
2.2 Limitations of the Buffering Approach to Assessing the Positional Accuracy 436
3 Design of Experiments for Evaluating the Buffering Approach 436
3.1 Experimental Data 436
3.2 Approaches, Steps and Implementation for Assessing the Positional Accuracy 437
3.3 Evaluation of the Buffering Approach 438
3.3.1 Quantitative Assessment 438
3.3.2 Visual Inspection 438
4 Results and Analyses 439
4.1 Quantitative Analysis 439
4.2 Visual Inspection 442
5 Reasons for Inconsistency Between the OSM Road Network and Reference Road Network 443
6 Conclusions 444
Acknowledgements 444
References 444
31 Data Classification for Highlighting Polygons with Local Extreme Values in Choropleth Maps 446
Abstract 446
1 Introduction 446
2 Previous Work 447
2.1 Task-Oriented Approach 447
2.2 Data Classification 448
3 PLEX Method 449
3.1 Definition of Local Extreme Values 449
3.2 Partitioning 449
4 Example 451
4.1 Data Sets 451
4.2 Usage of Conventional Methods 451
4.3 Usage of PLEX Method 455
5 Conclusions and Outlook 455
References 456
Routing 457
32 A Confidence-Based Approach for the Assessment of Accessibility of Pedestrian Network for Manual Wheelchair Users 458
Abstract 458
1 Introduction 459
2 Pedestrian Network Database 461
2.1 Determining the Most Important Environmental Criteria for Enabling the Mobility of Persons with Manual Wheelchairs 461
2.2 Pedestrian Network Segmentation 463
3 Evaluating the Accessibility of Segments 465
3.1 Aggregation of Confidence Levels 466
4 Cases Study 468
5 Conclusion and Future Work 470
Acknowledgements 471
References 471
33 Accessibility in Pedestrian Routing 473
Abstract 473
1 Introduction 474
2 Related Work 474
3 Methods 476
3.1 Personalization 476
3.2 Routing Implementation 478
3.3 Interface Design 478
4 Challenges and Discussion 481
5 Conclusions 484
Acknowledgements 485
References 485
34 Visualization of Traffic Bottlenecks: Combining Traffic Congestion with Complicated Crossings 487
Abstract 487
1 Introduction 488
2 State of the Art 488
2.1 Vehicle Tracking: The Floating Car Data (FCD) Method 488
2.2 Traffic Congestion Detection 488
2.3 Complexity of Urban Transportation Infrastructure 489
2.4 Traffic Data Visualization 490
3 Test Data for Applying the Cartographic Traffic Bottleneck Visualization Method 491
3.1 Shanghai Floating Taxi Data from 2007 491
3.2 OSM Road Network of Shanghai 491
4 Method for Detecting and Visualizing Vehicle Traffic Bottlenecks 492
4.1 Detection and Classification of Complicated Crossings 493
4.2 Computation of Traffic Congestion and Bottlenecks Based on Floating Taxi Data 493
4.3 Cartographic Representation of Vehicle Traffic Bottlenecks 494
5 Results 494
6 Conclusion 496
Acknowledgements 497
References 497
35 Psychogeography in the Age of the Quantified Self—Mental Map Modelling with Georeferenced Personal Activity Data 500
Abstract 500
1 Introduction 500
2 Personal (Mental) Maps 501
2.1 Academic Perspectives: Cartography and Cognitive Sciences 501
2.2 Psychogeography as Political Practice 502
2.3 Duality 503
2.4 Explorative Tools for Personal Spatial Data Analysis 503
3 Algorithmic Approach 505
3.1 Data Aggregation, Cleaning and Organisation 506
3.2 Temporal Data Clustering and Network Analysis 507
3.3 Evaluation of Clusters and Model 509
4 Reflective Practices 512
5 Applications and Future Works 513
6 Conclusion 513
Acknowledgements 514
References 514
Final Reflections 516
36 In Search of the Essence of Cartography 517
Abstract 517
1 Introduction 517
2 Significance of Maps and Cartography 518
3 Cartography in Philosophical Context 520
4 Properties of Cartographic Modelling 522
5 The Case of Cartographic and Art Models 525
6 Conclusions 526
References 527
Author Index 529
Subject Index 531