Nanohybrid Catalyst based on Carbon Nanotube (eBook)

Rasel Das is a Leibniz-DAAD scholar and Postdoctoral Research Fellow (PDRF) at the Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modification (IOM), Leipzig, Germany. He is also a Consultant in Water Desalination and Transport Division for the MHD Technology Corp. NY, USA. 

Preface 7
Contents 8
Abbreviations 12
1 Introduction 18
Abstract 18
1.1 Background 18
1.2 Why Fresh Water Facility has Shrunk Day by Day? 19
1.3 Can We Tackle the Water Pollution? 20
1.4 Carbon Nanotube: an Enchant Nanomaterial 21
1.4.1 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis 26
1.4.2 Carbon Nanotube Growth Mechanisms 27
1.5 Enzyme: an Unsung Hero for Water Purification 29
1.5.1 Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase: an Enzyme for Water Treatment 30
1.5.2 Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase Immobilized on Carbon Nanotube 30
1.6 What are the Problems that We Fixed Here? 32
1.6.1 Purification of Pristine Carbon Nanotube 32
1.6.2 Solubilization of Carbon Nanotube 33
1.6.3 Development and Characterizations of Nanobiohybrid Catalyst 33
1.6.4 Nanobiohybrid Catalyst for Pollutant Removal 34
1.7 Conclusions 35
References and Future Readings 35
2 Carbon Nanotube in Water Treatment 40
Abstract 40
2.1 Background 40
2.2 Water Scarcity and Its Consequences 42
2.3 Threats to Conventional Water Treatment Technologies 47
2.4 Carbon Nanotube Scaffold Functions in Water Purifications 48
2.4.1 Adsorption 48
2.4.2 Hybrid Catalysis 50
2.4.2.1 Photocatalysis 53
2.4.2.2 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation 54
2.4.2.3 Nanobiohybrid Catalysis 54
2.4.3 Desalination 58
2.4.4 Disinfection 59
2.4.5 Sensing and Monitoring 60
2.4.6 Research Gaps and Challenges 61
2.5 Conclusions 63
References and Future Readings 64
3 Carbon Nanotube Purification 72
Abstract 72
3.1 Background 72
3.2 Literature Review 73
3.2.1 What are the Impurities Commonly Associated with the Pristine CNT? 73
3.2.2 What Kinds of Characterization Methods are? Commonly Used for CNT Impurities Detection? 74
3.2.3 What are  the Methods Necessary ?for CNT Purification? 74
3.2.4 What Challenges Does Exist with CNT Purification? 75
3.3 Materials and Methods 77
3.3.1 Materials and Reagents 77
3.3.2 Instrumentation 77
3.3.3 Wet Chemical Treatments of MWCNT 77
3.3.3.1 Removal of Residual Impurities 78
3.3.3.2 Stock Solution Preparation and Solubility Measurement 78
3.4 Results 78
3.4.1 Predicted Chemical Reactions of HCl, H2O2, and KOH with MWCNT 78
3.4.2 TEM Analysis 80
3.4.3 EDX Analysis 81
3.4.4 ATR-IR Analysis 82
3.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis 83
3.4.6 TGA Analysis 83
3.4.7 Colloidal Stability Measurement 85
3.5 Discussion 85
3.6 Conclusions 87
References and Future Readings 88
4 Carbon Nanotube Functionalizations 91
Abstract 91
4.1 Background 91
4.2 Literature Review 92
4.2.1 Is CNT Hydrophobic in Nature? 92
4.2.2 What are the Strategies Commonly Used for CNT Solubilization? 93
4.2.2.1 Covalent Modification of CNT 93
4.2.3 Non-covalent Modification of CNT 95
4.3 Materials and Methods 98
4.3.1 Materials and Reagents 98
4.3.2 Instrumentation 99
4.3.3 Wet Chemical Oxidations of MWCNT 99
4.3.3.1 Removal of the Residual Impurities 99
4.3.3.2 Total Acidic and Basic Groups Quantification 100
4.3.3.3 Stock Solution Preparations and Solubility Measurements 100
4.4 Results 100
4.4.1 Predicted Chemical Reactions of HNO3/H2O2 and KMnO4 with MWCNT 100
4.4.2 XPS Analysis of MWCNT 102
4.4.3 Titration Analysis 103
4.4.4 TEM Analysis 106
4.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis 107
4.4.6 TGA Analysis 108
4.4.7 Colloidal Stability of MWCNT 109
4.5 Discussion 111
4.6 Conclusions 116
References and Future Readings 116
5 Nanobiohybrid Preparation 121
Abstract 121
5.1 Background 121
5.2 Literature Review 123
5.2.1 Enzyme Immobilization onto CNT Using Non-covalent Approach 124
5.2.1.1 Physical Adsorption 124
5.2.1.2 Polymers Mediated Enzyme Immobilization 125
5.2.1.3 Biomolecules Mediated Enzyme Immobilization 125
5.2.1.4 Surfactant Mediated Enzyme Immobilization 126
5.2.1.5 Layer-by-Layer Approach for Enzyme Immobilization 126
5.2.2 Enzyme Immobilization onto CNT Using Covalent Approach 127
5.2.3 Target Enzyme for Attachment with the CNT 128
5.3 Materials and Methods 129
5.3.1 Materials and Reagents 129
5.3.2 Instrumentation 130
5.3.3 Preparation of F-MWCNT 130
5.3.3.1 Determination of F/O-MWCNT Water Solubility 131
5.3.4 Preparation of Nanobiohybrid 131
5.3.4.1 Optimization of Nanobiohybrid Preparation 131
5.3.4.2 Determination of 3,4-POD Concentrations 132
5.3.4.3 Nanobiohybrid Activity Assays 132
5.4 Results 132
5.4.1 Characterization of F-MWCNT 132
5.4.2 Characterization of Nanobiohybrid 133
5.4.3 Optimization of Nanobiohybrid 136
5.5 Discussion 137
5.6 Conclusions 140
References and Future Readings 140
6 Nanobiohybrid for Water Treatment 145
Abstract 145
6.1 Background 145
6.2 Literature Review 146
6.3 Materials and Methods 149
6.3.1 Materials and Reagents 149
6.3.2 Free 3,4-POD and Nanobiohybrid Activity Assays 149
6.3.3 Free 3,4-POD and Nanobiohybrid Stability Assays 150
6.3.4 Removal of 3,4-DHBA 150
6.3.5 Data Analysis 151
6.4 Results 151
6.4.1 Effects of pH and Temperature on Free 3,4-POD and Nanobiohybrid Activities 151
6.4.2 Kinetic Analyses of Free 3,4-POD and Nanobiohybrid 152
6.4.3 Stability Studies of Free 3,4-POD and Nanobiohybrid 153
6.4.4 Degradation Kinetics of 3,4-DHBA 153
6.5 Discussion 155
6.6 Conclusions 157
References and Future Readings 157