China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2017 Proceedings: Volume III (eBook)

Preface 6
Editorial Board 8
Scientific Committee and Organizing Committee 11
Scientific Committee 11
Organizing Committee 12
Contents 14
Satellite Orbit and Satellite Clock Error 19
1 Orbit Determination Based on Particle Filtering Algorithm 20
Abstract 20
1 Introduction 20
2 Particle Filter Algorithm and Orbit Estimation 21
3 Satellite Orbit Determination Model Based on Particle Filter 22
3.1 Satellite Orbit Influence Factor Analysis 22
3.2 Establishing the State Equation and Observation Equation of Satellite Motion 23
3.3 Build the Particle Filter Algorithm 24
4 Algorithm Simulation and Analysis 25
4.1 Simulation Experiment of Satellite Orbit Determination Based on Particle Filter Model 25
4.2 Calculation and Analysis of Simulation Data 26
5 Conclusions 27
References 27
2 A Method for Predicting Satellite Clock Bias Based on EEMD 28
Abstract 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Combined Clock Bias Prediction Model 29
2.1 EEMD Model 29
2.2 LSSVM Model 31
2.3 GM(1,1) Model 32
2.4 Flow of Combined Model 33
3 Accuracy of Combined Model 33
3.1 Selecting Clock Bias Data 33
3.2 Results Analysis 34
4 Conclusion 36
Acknowledgements 36
References 37
3 Estimation, Validation, and Application of 30-s GNSS Clock Corrections 38
Abstract 38
1 Introduction 39
2 Basic Principle and Data Processing Procedure 40
2.1 Estimation of Zero-Difference Clock 40
2.2 Estimation of Epoch-Difference Clock 41
2.3 Clock Densification 42
2.4 Clock Estimation Procedure at XISM 43
3 Validation and Application of Clocks at XISM 45
3.1 GPS Clock Comparison with IGS Clocks 45
3.2 Allan Variance Analysis 45
3.3 Application for Kinematic PPP 47
4 Summary and Conclusions 52
References 53
4 GNSS Performance Research for MEO, GEO, and HEO 54
Abstract 54
1 Introduction 55
2 Simulation Models 56
2.1 GNSS Satellites 56
2.2 Space Users 57
3 Simulation Results and Analysis 57
3.1 Visibility and Sensitivity Requirements 57
3.2 PDOP 59
4 Concluding Remarks 61
Acknowledgements 62
References 62
5 Research on the On-Orbit Precision Evaluation Method of Inter-Satellite Measurement Based on Geometry Configuration 63
Abstract 63
1 Introduction 64
2 Evaluation Method 64
2.1 Overview of the Evaluation Method 64
2.2 Accuracy Evaluation Method Based on Triangle 65
3 Simulation Results 68
4 Conclusion 70
References 70
6 Research on Distributed Autonomous Time Reference Maintain Method of Navigation Constellation 71
Abstract 71
1 Introduction 72
2 Distributed Time Reference Maintain Method 72
2.1 Atomic Clock Error Model 73
2.2 Inter-satellite Bidirectional Measurement Model 74
2.3 Kalman Filter Method 75
3 Simulation Analysis 76
3.1 Simulation Scene 76
3.2 Results and Analysis 76
4 Conclusion 78
References 79
7 A Study on the Orbit Accuracy Variation Characteristics and Yaw-Attitude Modes of Beidou Navigation Satellites 80
Abstract 80
1 Introduction 81
2 The Orbit Accuracy Variation Characteristics of BDS Satellites 82
3 Analysis of BDS IGSO-6 Satellite Ephemeris 83
4 Experiment and Analysis 85
4.1 Data and Software 85
4.2 Orbit Determination Strategy 85
4.3 Results and Analysis 87
5 Conclusions 89
Acknowledgements 90
References 90
8 A Method for Polar Motion Prediction Based on LS Model of Error Compensation 92
Abstract 92
1 Introduction 93
2 LS Model 93
3 Problems and Analysis of LS Model 94
4 LS Model of Error Compensation (ECLS Model) 96
5 Calculation and Analysis 97
5.1 Comparison of the Results of ECLS and EOP_PCC 97
5.2 Comparison of the Results of ECLS and Other Models 98
6 Conclusion 101
Acknowledgements 101
References 101
9 Research on Autonomous Orbit Determination Test Based on BDS Inter-Satellite-Link on-Orbit Data 103
Abstract 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Inter Satellite and Satellite-Ground Ranging 104
2.1 Steric Configuration Between Test Satellite and Inter Satellite Link Ground Station 104
2.2 Analysis of on-Orbit Measured Ranging Data of Inter Satellites Link 105
3 Accuracy Analysis for Ground Upload Long-term Ephemeris Prediction and Autonomous Orbit Prediction 106
3.1 Accuracy Analysis for Ground Upload Long-term Ephemeris Prediction Parameters 107
3.2 Accuracy Analysis for Autonomous Orbit Prediction Based on Ground Upload Long-term Ephemeris Prediction Parameters 108
4 Analysis for Autonomous Orbit Determination 110
5 Conclusion 112
References 113
10 GNSS Satellite Observations with Interference Measurement Technology 114
Abstract 114
1 Introduction 114
2 Observations to BeiDou Satellite 115
2.1 Purpose of the Observation 115
2.2 Satellite Signal Spectrum 117
2.3 Analysis of Interference Delay and Error 117
2.4 The Result and Accuracy of Orbit Determines 120
2.5 Simulation of Double Baseline Data 121
3 Conclusions 123
Acknowledgements 123
References 123
11 Experiment Research on GEO Satellite Orbit Measurement by Using CEI 125
Abstract 125
1 Introduction 125
2 Measurement Principle and Measurement Model 127
2.1 CEI Measurement Principle 127
2.2 Measurement Model 128
3 The Measurement System 128
3.1 Outdoor Receiving Antenna Equipment 128
3.2 Indoor Data Collection and Processing 129
4 Measured Data Processing Result 129
4.1 Observation Conditions 129
4.2 Observation Results of Satellite Signals 130
4.3 Observation Results of Calibration Signal 131
4.4 Comparison of Calibration and Satellite Signal 132
4.5 Comparison of Measurement Results with Precision Orbit 133
5 Conclusions 134
Acknowledgements 135
References 135
12 Real Time Precise Satellite Clock Estimation for Quad-System GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO/BDS 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Method 137
2.1 The Un-Differenced Method 137
2.2 The Epoch-Differenced Method 138
2.3 The Mixed Method 138
3 Data and Process Strategy 139
4 Discussion and Analysis 141
4.1 Satellite Clocks 141
4.2 Positioning Results 143
5 Conclusion 145
References 146
13 The Analysis and Modeling of Intersystem Biases Between GPS and BDS 147
Abstract 147
1 Introduction 148
2 ISB Estimation Model 148
2.1 Single-Difference Observation Model for GPS and BDS with Unknown ISBs 148
2.2 The Differential Intersystem Biases Between GPS and BDS 149
2.3 Single-Difference Observation Model for GPS and BDS with Known ISBs 150
3 The Characteristics of Differential ISB and the Modeling 151
3.1 The Characteristics of ISB 151
3.2 The Model of ISB 153
3.3 The Calibration of ISB for Other Datasets 154
4 Conclusion 156
Acknowledgements 157
References 157
14 Research on Dependability of Navigation Satellite Precise Orbit Determination Based on Regional Monitoring Network 158
Abstract 158
1 Introduction 158
2 The Organization of Modeling and Analysis 159
3 Dependability Modeling and Optimizing of Precise Orbit Determination 160
3.1 Availability Modeling and Analysis of a Monitor Station 160
3.2 State Probability of Monitoring Network 165
3.3 Modeling and Analysis of Precise Orbit Determination 166
3.3.1 Orbit Determination Algorithm 166
3.3.2 Normalization of URE 166
3.3.3 Modeling and Prediction of Precise Orbit Determination 167
3.4 Optimization and Design Improvement 168
4 Case Study 168
5 Conclusions 172
References 173
15 Combined Precise Orbit Determination for High-, Medium-, and Low-Orbit Navigation Satellites 174
Abstract 174
1 Introduction 175
2 Data Simulation 176
3 Mathematic Model and Schemes of Combined POD of High-Medium-Low Navigation Satellites 178
3.1 Mathematic Model 178
3.2 The Schemes of POD 179
4 Results and Discussions 180
5 Conclusions 188
Acknowledgements 188
References 189
16 Design of Deorbit Parameters for BEIDOU MEO and IGSO Satellites Based on Long-Term Eccentricity Evolution 190
Abstract 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Long-Term Eccentricity Evolution of MEO and IGSO Satellites Based on 191
3 BDS MEO Satellite Deorbit Parameters 193
4 BDS IGSO Satellite Deorbit Parameters 195
5 Conclusion 198
References 198
17 A New Method and Strategy for Precise Ultra-Rapid Orbit Determination 200
Abstract 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Method and Strategy for Processing Ultra-Rapid Orbit 202
2.1 Principle of Precise Orbit Determination 202
2.2 Strategy of Generating Ultra-Rapid Orbit 203
2.3 Connection of Parameters 204
2.3.1 Connection of Constant Parameters 204
2.3.2 Connection of Process Parameters 205
2.3.3 Connection of Ambiguity Parameters 205
3 Experiment and Analysis 206
3.1 Process of Orbit Determination 206
3.2 The Results and Analysis 207
4 Conclusion 213
Acknowledgements 213
References 213
18 Annual Variation Analysis and Forecasting Model of DCB Parameters for BDS Satellites 215
Abstract 215
1 Introduction 215
2 DCB Determination Method of BDS Satellites 217
3 Analysis of Long-Term Variation Characteristics of BDS Satellite DCB Parameters 218
4 Prediction Analysis 220
5 Conclusion 222
References 222
19 Real-Time GPS Satellite Clock Estimation Based on OpenMP 224
Abstract 224
1 Introduction 225
2 Mathematic Model and Error Corrections for Real-Time Satellite Clock Estimation 226
3 Single Observable Kalman Filter 227
4 OpenMP Parallel Computation 229
5 Analysis of Experiment Result 230
6 Conclusion 232
References 233
Precise Positioning Technology 234
20 A New RTK Ambiguity Resolution Method 235
Abstract 235
1 Introduction 235
2 New Method of Ambiguity Resolution 236
2.1 Traditional RTK Algorithm 236
2.2 Improved Ambiguity Resolution Algorithm 237
3 Experiment and Analysis 238
4 Conclusion 242
Acknowledgements 242
References 242
21 Algorithm and Experimental Analysis of Medium-Long Baseline Static Positioning Based on BeiDou Dual-Frequency Observations 244
Abstract 244
1 Introduction 244
2 Static Algorithm Realization Based on Medium-Long Baseline 245
2.1 The Process of Ionosphere Delay in the Medium-Long Baseline 246
2.2 The Process of Troposphere Delay in the Medium-Long Baseline 247
2.3 The Algorithm Processing of Medium-Long Static Baseline 247
3 Analysis of Simulation Results 248
3.1 Source Data and Processing Algorithm 248
3.2 Analysis of Fixation Time 249
3.3 Analysis of Baseline Accuracy 250
4 Conclusion 253
Acknowledgements 253
References 253
22 A New Method of the Real-Time Precise Point Positioning Based on Epoch Difference of Satellite Clock Offset 255
Abstract 255
1 Introduction 255
2 The Principle of Satellite Clock Offset Determination Based on Epoch Differential Model 256
3 A New Precise Point Positioning Method Based on Epoch Differential Model 258
4 Date Processing Strategy 259
5 Examples and Analysis 260
6 Conclusion 266
Acknowledgements 266
References 266
23 Epoch-Differenced Cycle Slip Resolution Technique Considering Velocity Constraint 267
Abstract 267
1 Introduction 268
2 Measurement Model 269
2.1 Double-Differenced (DD) Model Between Receivers and Epochs 269
2.2 Velocity Constraint Equations 270
3 Cycle Slip Detection and Repair 271
4 Experiment and Analysis 273
4.1 Case 1: Road Vehicle-Mounted 5 Hz Data Rate Test 273
4.2 Case 2: Road Vehicle-Mounted 1 Hz Data Rate Test 276
5 Conclusion 278
Acknowledgements 278
References 278
24 The Application of Instrumental Bias Estimation to Single Point Positioning 279
Abstract 279
1 Introduction 279
2 Mathematical Models 280
2.1 Estimation of Instrumental Bias 280
2.2 Correction of IF Combination 282
3 Assessments on SPP 283
3.1 Source and Processing of Data 283
3.2 Estimated Instrumental Biases 283
3.3 Results and Analyses 283
3.4 Discussion 287
4 Summary 287
Acknowledgements 288
References 288
25 Characteristic Analysis of Offshore Zenith Tropospheric Delay Based on GPS/BDS/GLONASS PPP 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 290
2 The Method of Estimate ZTD Based on GPS/BDS/GLONASS PPP 290
3 Data Processing Result and Analysis 292
3.1 The Accuracy Analysis of ZTD Estimation Based on GPS/BDS/GLONASS PPP 292
3.2 The Characteristic Analysis of Tropospheric Delay at Sea 294
4 Conclusion 296
Acknowledgements 297
References 297
26 GPS/BDS Real-Time Precise Point Positioning for Kinematic Maritime Positioning 298
Abstract 298
1 Introduction 299
2 Observation Error Models Correction 300
2.1 Ionosphere-Free (IF) PPP Model 300
2.2 Real-Time Satellite Orbit and Clock Corrections 301
2.3 The Atmosphere Error Correction 301
3 User Positioning Algorithm 302
4 Data Testing and Analysis 303
4.1 Troposphere Delay Estimation 305
4.2 Real-Time Kinematic Performances for Maritime Positioning 306
5 Conclusion 309
Acknowledgements 309
References 310
27 Applicability Analysis of Troposphere Mapping Functions in China 311
Abstract 311
1 Introduction 311
2 The Tropospheric Mapping Functions 312
3 The Experimental Data 313
4 The Analysis of the Influence of Altitude Angle Parameters on the Tropospheric Mapping Function 313
5 The Influence of the Station Position on the Calculation Precision 317
5.1 Data Acquisition 317
5.2 Data Analysis 318
6 Conclusions 320
References 320
28 A Multi-Redundancies Network RTK Atmospheric Errors Interpolation Method Based on Delaunay Triangulated Network 322
Abstract 322
1 Introduction 323
2 Redundant Triangulation Algorithm 323
3 Atmospheric Errors Interpolation Models and the Integrity Monitoring of the Rover Station 326
3.1 Ionosphere Interpolation Model 327
3.2 Troposphere Interpolation Model 328
3.3 Atmospheric Integrity Monitoring Index 329
4 Experiments 330
4.1 Rover Station Is Within the Network 331
4.2 Rover Station Is Outside the Network 332
4.3 Integrity Monitoring Experiment 334
5 Conclusion 335
Acknowledgements 336
References 336
29 An Accurate Height Reduction Model for Zenith Tropospheric Delay Correction Using ECMWF Data 337
Abstract 337
1 Introduction 337
2 Processing of ECMWF Data 339
3 Gaussian Function Model for ZTD Height Reduction 341
4 Model Validation 343
5 Conclusions 347
Acknowledgements 347
References 347
30 Centimeter Level Precise Positioning with a Low-Cost GNSS Antenna 349
Abstract 349
1 Introduction 350
2 Precise Positioning Strategy for Low-Cost Antenna 350
2.1 Combined BDS/GPS Measurement Model 350
2.2 Multipath Mitigation Strategy 352
2.3 Robust Kalman Filtering 353
2.4 Partial Ambiguity Resolution 354
3 Results and Analysis 356
3.1 Test Equipment 356
3.2 Static Test 357
3.3 Kinematic Test 358
4 Summary and Discussion 359
Acknowledgements 359
References 359
31 Triple-Frequency Carrier Ambiguity Resolution with Low Noise and Ionosphere-Free Impact for BDS 361
Abstract 361
1 Introduction 361
2 BeiDou Combined Observational Models and Characteristics 362
2.1 Fundamental Mathematics Model 362
2.2 The BeiDou Observations and Characteristics 364
3 Algorithm-A 365
4 Algorithm-B 366
4.1 EWL Resolution 366
4.2 WL Resolution 367
4.3 NL Resolution 367
5 Algorithm-C 368
6 Experiments Analysis 368
6.1 Short Baseline Result 369
6.2 Medium Baseline Result 373
7 Conclusion 374
References 375
32 Performance Analysis of Multi-GNSS Precise Point Positioning 376
Abstract 376
1 Introduction 376
2 Function Models of Multi-GNSS PPP 377
3 Data Processing Strategy 379
4 Results and Analysis 380
4.1 Kinematic Positioning 380
4.2 Availability and Reliability 381
4.3 Accuracy Analysis 382
5 Conclusion 385
References 385
33 The Positioning Performance Analysis of BDS/GPS Single Frequency-Single Epoch of Asia Pacific Region for Short Baseline 387
Abstract 387
1 Introduction 388
2 Mathematical Model 389
2.1 Function Model 389
2.2 Stochastic Model 390
3 ADOP Theory [6, 7] 391
4 Experimental Design and Analysis 393
4.1 0.05 km Baseline 393
4.2 5 km Baseline 396
4.3 10 km Baseline 399
4.4 15 km Baseline 401
Acknowledgements 405
References 405
34 The Wide- and Local-Area Combined GNSS Real-Time Precise Positioning Service System and Products 406
Abstract 406
1 Introduction 406
2 Real-Time Precise Positioning Service System Design 408
3 Real-Time Precise Positioning Service Products 409
3.1 Real-Time Precise Clock Correction 409
3.2 GPS/BDS Satellite Hardware Delay Estimation 410
3.3 Wide-Area Ionosphere Model 411
3.4 Local-Area Precise Troposphere and Ionosphere Model 414
4 System Implementation and Verification 417
4.1 Single-Frequency Pseudo-Range Positioning 417
4.2 Single-Frequency PPP 420
4.3 PPP-AR Positioning 420
5 Conclusion 423
References 424
35 Real-Time Detection and Repair of Cycle Slips in Triple-Frequency BDS Measurements 426
Abstract 426
1 Introduction 426
2 BDS Triple-Frequency GF Combination Noise Residual Method 427
3 BDS Triple-Frequency GF Code and Phase Combination Method 431
4 The Workflow of the Algorithm for Cycle Sips Detection and Repair 434
5 Data Analysis 435
6 Conclusions 437
References 437
36 Preliminary Study on Changes in Temperature and Its Implication on Vertical Displacements of Antarctic GPS Stations 439
Abstract 439
1 Introduction 439
2 Monument and Bedrock Thermal Expansion Models 440
2.1 Monument Thermal Expansion Model 440
2.2 Bedrock Thermal Expansion Model 441
3 Data Sources 441
4 Data Processing 443
4.1 Temperature Data Processing 443
4.2 Frequency Spectrum Analysis 443
4.3 Fitting Model 445
5 Conclusion 447
Acknowledgements 448
References 448
37 An Improved Constraint Result Zone Search Algorithm for Measuring Attitude Based on Dual Frequency 449
Abstract 449
1 Introduction 449
2 Constraint Result Zone Searching Algorithm 450
2.1 Two-Dimension Result Zone Searching Model 450
2.2 Constraint Searching Domain Space 451
2.3 Fixing Integer Ambiguity 452
3 Ambiguity Inverse Resolution Algorithm Based on Dual-Frequency Correlation Relation 453
3.1 Linear Combination of Dual-Frequency Measurements 453
3.2 Using Double-Frequency to Inverse Solve Narrow-Lane Ambiguity 454
3.3 Fix Integer Ambiguity by the Improved OVT Test Method 455
3.3.1 OVT Test Method 455
3.3.2 An Improved OVT Test Method 455
4 Experiment Analyses 456
4.1 Experimental Environment 456
4.2 The Experimental Process and Analysis 457
5 Conclusion 460
References 461
38 The Detection and Repair of Cycle-Slip Based on the Combination of BeiDou Triple-Frequency Observations 463
Abstract 463
1 Introduction 463
2 Combination of Triple-Frequency Un-Differenced Observations 464
2.1 Detection and Repair of Cycle-Slip in Triple-Frequency Phase/Pseudorange Combination 465
2.2 Selection of Triple-Frequency Combination Observation 467
2.3 The Detection and Repair of Cycle-Slip by Three Steps 468
3 Experiment and Analysis 470
3.1 The Estimation of Ionospheric Delay 470
3.2 The Detection of Cycle-Slip 471
3.3 Simulate Cycle-Slip 472
4 Conclusion 473
Acknowledgements 474
References 474
39 Research on Fast RTK GNSS Algorithm Based on Partial Ambiguity Resolution 476
Abstract 476
1 Introduction 476
2 Float Solution of Ambiguity 477
3 Ambiguity Parameters Grouping 479
4 Fix Ambiguity Parameters 479
4.1 Ambiguity Fixing Method 479
4.2 Fix the Ambiguities of Higher Elevation Satellites 480
4.3 Ambiguity Partial Fixed Constraint 480
4.3.1 Constructing the Virtual Observation Equations of Fixed Ambiguities 480
4.3.2 Recapitalize the Filter Observation Equations and Update 481
4.3.3 Fix the Ambiguity of Lower Elevation Satellites 481
4.3.4 The Parameters Fixed Solution 481
5 Experimental Verification and Result Analysis 481
6 Experimental Verification and Result Analysis 484
Acknowledgements 486
References 486
Atomic Clock and Time-Frequency Technology 487
40 Development of 15 kg Space Mini Passive Hydrogen Maser 488
Abstract 488
1 Introduction 488
2 Physics Package 489
3 Electronics Package 492
4 System Status and Performance 493
5 Result 495
References 496
41 Verification and Analyzing of the Reliability and Lifetime of Space Passive Hydrogen Maser 497
Abstract 497
1 Introduction 497
2 Analyzing of the Reliability and Lifetime of Passive Hydrogen Maser 498
2.1 The Principle of Passive Hydrogen Maser 498
2.2 Analyzing of the Reliability and Lifetime of Passive Hydrogen Maser 499
2.3 Test System for Space Passive Hydrogen Maser 500
3 Verification of Reliability of Space Passive Hydrogen Maser 501
4 Verification of Lifetime of Passive Hydrogen Maser 502
5 Conclusions 506
References 506
42 Studying on the Leap Second Calculational Methods in BeiDou System 507
Abstract 507
1 Introduction 507
2 The Leap Second Calculational Methods in BDS 508
2.1 Time Synchronization Parameters 508
2.2 The Leap Second Algorithms of BDT to UTC 509
2.3 Additional Explanations 510
3 The Leap Second Programmes in BDS 511
3.1 The Leap Second Programme of RDSS 511
3.2 The Leap Second Programme of RNSS 511
4 Examples of the Leap Second Calculational Methods of RNSS User Receivers in BDS 512
4.1 Before the Leap Second Parameters Updated 512
4.2 After Some Leap Second Parameters Updated 512
4.2.1 Before 8 h Prior to the Leap Second Time 512
4.2.2 Within the Time Span of 8 h Prior to the Leap Second Time to 6 h After the Leap Second Time 513
4.2.3 After 6 h After the Leap Second Time and /Delta t_{{/rm LS}} Is not Totally Updated 514
4.3 After All Leap Second Parameters Updated 515
5 Summary 515
References 516
43 The Identification of Satellite Clock Noise Based on LAG1 Autocorrelation of Overlapping Samples 517
Abstract 517
1 Introduction 518
2 The Principle and Experiment of LAG1 Autocorrelation Function Method 519
2.1 The Principle of LAG1 Autocorrelation Function Method 519
2.2 The Noise Analysis of on-Borne Atomic Clock 520
3 The Principle and Experiment of Overlapping LAG1 Autocorrelation Function Method 520
3.1 The Principle of Overlapping LAG1 Autocorrelation Function Method 520
3.2 The Noise Identification of on-Borne Atomic Clock Base on Overlapping Sample 525
4 Conclusions 530
Acknowledgements 530
References 531
44 A Simple and Effective Method for Abnormal Data Processing of Atomic Clock Time Difference 532
Abstract 532
1 Introduction 533
2 Atomic Clock Time Difference and Residual 533
3 Gross Error Data Processing Flow 535
4 Conclusion 537
45 Performance Test and Power-Law Spectrum Analysis of Domestic Cesium Clocks 538
Abstract 538
1 Introduction 539
2 Description of Testing Environment 539
3 Analysis of Frequency Stability 540
3.1 An Analysis of Consistency Between 1pps Signals and Frequency Signals 540
3.2 A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Noise Types 541
3.2.1 The Noise Types and Power-Law Spectrum of Atomic Clocks 541
3.2.2 A Power-Law Spectrum Analysis of Cesium Clock Noise 541
4 Conclusion 543
References 543
46 High Precise Time Delay Measurement in Optical Fiber 544
Abstract 544
1 Introduction 544
2 Methods 545
2.1 Transmission Delay Measurement Based on Frequency Locking 545
2.2 Ambiguity Resolving Methods and Optimization 546
2.3 System Delay Calibration 548
3 Results 548
3.1 Transmission Delay Measurement Results of 2 m Long Fiber 549
3.2 Transmission Delay Measurement Results of 50 Km Long Fiber 550
4 Conclusion 550
Acknowledgements 551
References 551
47 Design of a Miniaturized High-Performance Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard 553
Abstract 553
1 Introduction 553
2 Physics Package 554
2.1 Structure 554
2.2 Spectral Lamp 555
2.3 Cavity-Cell Assembly 556
2.4 Frequency Discrimination Characteristic 557
3 Electronics System 558
3.1 Design Scheme 558
3.2 Design of PCB Boards 559
3.3 Intermodulation Noise 559
4 Structure and Performance of the RAFS 561
5 Summary 563
References 563
48 High Gain, Low Noise, and Long Lifetime MCP Electron Multiplier for Cesium Clock 564
Abstract 564
1 Introduction 564
2 Experimental 565
3 Results and Discussions 565
3.1 Gain 565
3.2 Noise 567
3.3 Lifetime 569
3.4 Conclusions 570
References 570
49 Joint Time and Frequency Transfer and Multipoint Time Synchronization via Urban Fiber and Its Application in CEI 571
Abstract 571
1 Introduction 571
2 Fiber Time and Frequency Synchronization Scheme 572
2.1 Principal and Set-up 572
2.2 Fast and Large Dynamic Range of CFDL 574
2.3 Frequency Division Clock Time Synchronization 574
3 Experimental Results 575
4 CEI Demonstration Based on Fiber Time and Frequency Synchronization 578
5 Conclusion 578
References 578
50 Research on Microwave Oscillator Based on Cryogenically Cooled Sapphire Cavity 580
Abstract 580
1 Introduction 580
2 Sapphire Dielectric Resonator 581
3 High Stable Low-Temperature Controller System 583
4 Oscillator 585
5 Results 587
6 Conclusion 587
References 587
Policies and Regulations, Standards and Intellectual Properties 589
51 Analysis of GNSS User/Industry Interoperability Viewpoint Survey Results 590
Abstract 590
1 Background 591
2 User Interoperability Perspective Research Activities 591
2.1 Questionnaire Recovery Situation 591
2.2 Data Validity Analysis 592
2.3 Question Type Classification 593
3 Analysis of Questionnaire Survey in Beidou 594
3.1 Grey Relational Degree Calculation 594
3.1.1 The Method 594
3.1.2 Computational Step 595
3.1.3 Calculation Result 596
3.2 User Requirement Relevance Analysis 597
4 The Difference Between Users from Different GNSSs 598
4.1 Common Questions 598
4.2 Analytical Method Modelling 599
4.3 Difference Analysis 602
5 Summary and Proposal 603
References 604
52 Applicability Analyses of Intellectual Property Securitization in Beidou Enterprises 605
Abstract 605
1 Introduction 605
2 The Financing Situation of Beidou Enterprises 606
2.1 The Basic Condition of Beidou Enterprises 606
2.2 Business Analysis on Mainly Beidou Enterprises 607
2.2.1 BDStar Navigation 607
2.2.2 UniStrong 608
2.3 Financing Problems of Beidou Enterprises 608
3 Research on Applicability of Intellectual Property Securitization in Beidou Industry 610
3.1 Induction of China’s Relevant Laws and Practice 610
3.1.1 Programmatic Documents 610
3.1.2 Framework of the Legal System 610
3.1.3 Practice of Asset-Backed Securities in China 610
3.2 Characteristic of Beidou Industrial and Applicability of Intellectual Property Securitization 612
3.2.1 Basic Assets—The Development of Intellectual Property 612
3.2.2 The Model of Intellectual Property Securitization in Beidou Industry 613
4 Conclusions 615
References 615