Concrete Durability (eBook)

Dr. Luis Emilio Rendon Diaz Miron is a doctorate (PhD) in Materials Science from the University of Texas at Austin in 1977. A professor at the (UNINTER) Universidad Internacional de Cuernavaca, Mexico, is also a participant member of the "Mexican Center for Innovation in Ocean Energies" (CEMIE-Ocean). Dr. Rendon Diaz Miron is a chemical engineer from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a member of the American Crystallographic Association. In collaboration with CEMEX he has developed several concrete compositions resistant to biodeterioration and weathering and organized several cement and concrete symposia inside the International Materials Research Congress (IMRC), organized jointly by the USA Materials Research Society and the Mexican Materials Research Society held every year in Cancun, Mexico.Dr. D.A. Koleva (female), assistant professor at Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department Materials and Environment. Visiting professor at Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA. She is a chemical engineer with a PhD from TU Delft in 2007, MSc in electrochemical engineering, expert in the field of electrochemistry and corrosion, cathodic protection with emphasis on reinforced concrete structures. Dessi Koleva has performed a pioneering research on simultaneously evaluating electrochemical phenomena and cement based microstructural properties, related to corrosion and corrosion control in reinforced concrete. More recently this cross-border research involves the application of tailor-made nano-materials for corrosion control. Her expertise is in the fields of: Electrochemistry; Corrosion and Cathodic protection; Concrete & reinforced concrete durability; Nano-composite (galvanic) coatings; Nano-materials and self-healing in reinforced concrete structures. 

Preface 5
Contents 7
Chapter 1: The Effect of Microorganisms on Concrete Weathering 9
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Chemical and Physical Weathering 10
1.2.1 Chemical Weathering 10
1.2.2 Physical Weathering 11
1.3 Microbiological Weathering 11
1.3.1 Microbiological Weathering 11
1.3.2 Other Types of Microbiological Weathering 14
1.3.3 Sulfur and Limestone Content in Concrete Are the Main Reasons for Weathering Damage 15
1.4 Experimental 16
1.5 Conclusions 18
References 18
Chapter 2: Influence of Sulfur Ions on Concrete Resistance to Microbiologically Induced Concrete Corrosion 19
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Background 21
2.2.1 Sulfate Attack on Portland Cement Elements 21
2.2.2 Microbiologically Induced Concrete Corrosion 22
2.3 Process Description 24
2.4 Experimental 25
2.4.1 Concrete Composition 26
2.5 Results 27
2.6 Discussion 27
2.7 Conclusion 28
References 28
Chapter 3: The Onset of Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Cement-Based Materials as Verified by Embeddable Chloride Sensors 30
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Experimental 34
3.2.1 Materials and Specimen Preparation 34
3.2.2 Methods 35
3.3 Results and Discussion 36
3.3.1 Morphology and Composition of the AgCl Layers 36
3.3.2 Open Circuit Potential 40
3.3.2.1 OCP Development: Steel Rods 40
3.3.2.2 OCP Development: Chloride Sensors 44
3.3.3 EIS Response of the Steel Rods 49
3.3.3.1 General Considerations 49
3.3.3.2 Equivalent Circuits 50
3.3.3.3 Quantification of EIS Response 52
3.4 Conclusion 58
References 59
Chapter 4: The Influence of Stray Current on the Maturity Level of Cement-Based Materials 63
4.1 General Introduction 64
4.2 Technical Background 65
4.2.1 Transport Mechanisms and Diffusion Coefficients 65
4.2.1.1 Diffusion Tests 65
4.2.1.2 Migration Tests 66
4.2.2 Electrical Properties and Maturity Levels 68
4.2.2.1 Electrical Resistivity 68
4.2.2.2 Methods for Deriving Electrical Resistivity 68
4.2.2.3 Maturity Method 72
4.2.3 The Contribution of This Work 72
4.3 Experimental Materials and Methods 74
4.3.1 Materials 74
4.3.2 Sample Designation and Current Regimes 74
4.3.3 Methods 75
4.3.3.1 Mortar Electrical Resistivity 75
4.3.3.2 Compressive Strength 75
4.4 Results and Discussion 75
4.4.1 Compressive Strength 75
4.4.2 Electrical Resistivity 77
4.4.3 Ageing Factors Determination 80
4.4.4 Diffusion Coefficient 83
4.5 Conclusions 85
References 86
Chapter 5: Electrochemical Tests in Reinforced Mortar Undergoing Stray Current-Induced Corrosion 89
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Experimental 92
5.2.1 Materials and Specimen Preparation 92
5.2.2 Curing Conditions 93
5.2.3 Level of Stray Current Regime: Considerations 94
5.2.4 Testing Methods 94
5.3 Results and Discussion 95
5.3.1 Open Circuit Potentials and Polarization Resistance 95
5.3.1.1 General Considerations OCP Readings and Rp Values 95
5.3.1.2 OCP Values and Curing Age 97
5.3.1.3 OCP Evolution Until 28 Days of Age 98
5.3.1.4 OCP Records from 28 Days of Age Until the End of the Test (243 days) and Rp Evolution for the 24-h Cured Specimens 99
5.3.2 EIS and PDP Response 100
5.3.2.1 General Considerations Towards EIS Data Interpretation 101
5.3.2.2 High Frequency Response and Bulk Matrix Properties 103
5.3.2.3 Quantification of EIS Response and Global Corrosion State, Including PDP Test 106
5.4 Conclusions 112
References 113
Chapter 6: The Effect of Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Spheres (NMCSs) on the Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Water 115
6.1 General Introduction 116
6.2 Experimental Materials and Methods 118
6.2.1 NMCSs Preparation and Characterization 118
6.2.2 Cement-Based Materials 119
6.2.3 Steel Electrodes, NMCSs, Model Medium and Sample Designation 120
6.2.4 Electrochemical Methods 121
6.3 Results and Discussion 121
6.3.1 NMCSs Characterization 121
6.3.2 Results from Preliminary Tests Bulk Matrix Properties 123
6.3.3 Electrochemical Performance of Steel in the Presence of NMCSs 125
6.3.3.1 Open Circuit Potential (OCP) and Corrosion Current Density (icorr) 125
6.3.3.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): Qualification of Response 128
6.3.3.3 EIS Response: Brief Intro to Quantification 134
6.3.3.4 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) 136
6.4 Conclusions 139
References 140
Chapter 7: Activated Hybrid Cementitious System Using Portland Cement and Fly Ash with Na2SO4 144
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Durability Evaluation 145
7.3 Conclusions 146
References 149
Chapter 8: Optimum Green Concrete Using Different High Volume Fly Ash Activated Systems 150
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 Experimental Details 151
8.3 Results and Discussion 152
8.4 Conclusions 157
References 157
Index 159